Steam hydration of alkenes, fermentation of glucose
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Conditions for steam hydraion
H3PO4 Catalyst, 300*C, 60atm
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conditions for glucose fermentation
glucose (C6H12O6), 30-40*C, yeast
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What may cause the yeast to die
Ethanol concentrations reaching 15%
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How do we stop yeast dying
use fractional distillation to decrease the concentration of ethanol.
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which Rate of Reaction is fastest: hydration of ethene or fermentation
hydration of ethene
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quality of product: 1) hydration of ethene 2) fermentation
1) pure 2) very impure- needs further processing
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raw materials of 1) hydration of ethene 2) fermentation
1) ethene (finite resource) 2) sugars (renewable)
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Type of process 1) hydration of ethene 2) fermentation
1) continuous 2) batch process
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costs of process 1) hydration of ethene 2) fermentation
1) expensive equipment needed, low labour costs 2) cheap equipment needed, high labour costs
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Advantages of biofuel use (2)
1) are renewable (therefore more sustainable) 2) Technically carbon neutral - produce CO2 when burnt but the crop plant takes in same amount when it was growing.
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Disadvantages of biofuel use (1,2
1) takes up land that could be used to grow crops for food 2) may lead to deforestation to make the land for the crops (increasing CO2, since trees take in CO2 and then are probably burnt afterwards)
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3,4)
3) required fertilisers may pollute waterways and some release nitrous oxide (greenhouse gas) 4) practical problems ie switching all engines to be biofuel compatible
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Argument for biofuel being carbon neutral: 3 equations showing this is the case
1) photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 2) fermentation: C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 3) ethanol burned: 2C2H5OH + 6O2 -> 4CO2 + 6H2O [All in all, 6 moles of CO2 taken in and 6 moles CO2 given out)
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argument against biofuel being carbon neutral
fossil fuels burnt to power machinery to make fertilisers, to harvest, also to refine and transport
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