travel in the blood and binds to cell surface receptors but have an intracelluar effect often causing action of 2nd messengers
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name 2 second messengers
cAMP and Calcium
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How is cAMP formed and regulated?
adenylate cyclase generates/forms it. Inhibited by Gai and promoted by Gas
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How are intracellular calcium levels raised?
GPCRs activate phospholipase C that acts on PIP2 to form IP3 which causes calcium channels to open and calcium to enter
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What protein detects the rise in calcium?
calmodulin
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How do tyrosine kinase ligands work?
bind to activate tyrosine kinase receptors, target proteins are phosphorylated causing a cascade of protein phosphorylation
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How do steroid hormones travel?
travel bound to proteins as they cant dissolve in blood
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How/what are steroid hormones synthesised from?
Hypothalamus releases hormones that act on the anterior pituitary that releases hormones that cause the synthesis of steroids from cholesterol
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Why cant steroids be stored?
They are lipid soluble so can cross the lipid bilayer, so they are made to order
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How do steroids act?
Bind to cytosolic receptor proteins inside the cell and are transferred to the nucelus to act on DNA. This has a genomic effect on the rate of transcription promoting a slow long lasting effect
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