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6. What is an endemic?

  • The constant low level presence of a disease or infection defined to a geographic location
  • occurence of a disese in excess of numbers that are normally expected
  • a gloabal infection

7. What is latency/latent period?

  • time taken for disease to enter body
  • the delay between exposure and disease , the period of initiation of infection to its detection
  • time between first contact with an infectious agent and the appearance of the first disease symptom

8. Epidemiology today is largely directed at...?

  • Chronic disease
  • Acute diseases
  • Incurable diseases

9. What is incidence?

  • The amount of bacteria present in one individual
  • No. of new events occurring in a defined population during a specified period of time
  • the cumulative incidence of infection in a population observed over a period of time during an epidemic

10. A cohort study examines....

  • any designated group individuals who are followed or traced over time
  • diseases for which medical care is sought
  • a study in which conditions are in direct control of the investigator

11. What are the first 3 steps in an outbreak investigation?

  • preliminary epidemiologic investigation -> Specimen collection & lab analysis -> environmental investigation
  • preliminary epidemiologic investigation -> environmental investigation -> Specimen collection & lab analysis
  • Implementation of control measures -> case control study -> conclusion and dissemination of findings

12. What is attack rate ?

  • No. of new events occurring in a defined population during a specified period of time
  • the cumulative incidence of infection in a population observed over a period of time during an epidemic
  • The amount of bacteria present in one individual

13. What are the determinants of disease?

  • Host, Agent and environment
  • temperature, time, type
  • Virulence and structure

14. What is the odds ratio formula?

  • Number of new and exsisting / divided by the total population
  • odds that an exposed person develops the disease / odds that a non-exposed person develops the disease
  • Number of exposed people infected with the disease / by the total number of exposed people

15. What is morbidity?

  • measures the odds of exposure for cases compared to controls
  • the relative incidence of a disease
  • number of deaths in a population per unit time

16. The incubation period is the....

  • the delay between exposure and disease , the period of initiation of infection to its detection
  • time between first contact with an infectious agent and the appearance of the first disease symptom
  • time taken for disease to enter body

17. What is prevelence?

  • the cumulative incidence of infection in a population observed over a period of time during an epidemic
  • proportion of people who have a specific condition at any specified time - the number of new and exsisting cases / the total population
  • No. of new events occurring in a defined population during a specified period of time