Epidemiology In Practise

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Association
Statistical dependence between two variables (i.e. how much higher/lower the risk of disease is higher or lower with an exposure compared to no exposure)
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Confounding
Mixing of effects between exposure, the disease and a third factor
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How do we account for confounding?
Matching, Randomisation, stratification and multivariate analysis
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Judgement of casual effect
1. Observed association between and exposure and disease is valid 2. Totality of evidence taken from a number of studies supports judgement
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Strength of Association
The strength of an association is measured by the magnitude of the relative risk, which could be more easily the result of confounding or bias. However, weak association doesn't rule out a casual connestion
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Consistency in association
If similar results have been found in different populations with different study designs the association is more likely to be casual since it's unlikely that all studies will have the same kind of errors, so they are consistent.
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Specificity
If a particular exposure increases the risk of a certain disease but not the risk of other diseases then it is specific. However, one-to-one relationships are rare
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Temporal relationship
For a risk to be the cause of the disease it must precede the disease
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Dose-response relationship
increasing levels of exposure increase risk of the disease
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Plausibility
The association is more likely to be casual if consistent with prior knowledge, but whether this is plausible may reflect on the lack of scientific knowledge
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Coherence
A casue and effect interpretation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Mixing of effects between exposure, the disease and a third factor

Back

Confounding

Card 3

Front

Matching, Randomisation, stratification and multivariate analysis

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

1. Observed association between and exposure and disease is valid 2. Totality of evidence taken from a number of studies supports judgement

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The strength of an association is measured by the magnitude of the relative risk, which could be more easily the result of confounding or bias. However, weak association doesn't rule out a casual connestion

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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