To abosorb the products of digestion into the blood stream
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What is the role of the LARGE INTESTINE?
It absorbs water, leaving the food drier so it can make faeces
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What is the purpose of the RECTUM?
To store the faeces
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What is the role of the SALIVARY GLAND?
To produce the enzyme 'amylase' to break down starch into sugar
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What is the role of the PANCREAS?
It produces pancreatic juice containing amylase to digest starch, lipase to digest lipids, and proteases to digest proteins
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What is the definition of DIGESTION?
A physical breakdown and chemical digestion
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What happens in the 'PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN' stage of digestion?
Food is broken down into smaller pieces by things like: the teeth. This makes it easier to ingest and provides a larger surface area for chemical digestion
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What happens in the 'CHEMICAL DIGESTION' stage of digestion?
Large, insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller, soluble ones.
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What are the three important types of DIGESTIVE ENZYME?
Carbohydrases, Lipases and Proteases
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What is a monomer?
It is an individual molecule
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What is a polymer?
Longer chains of repeating monomer units
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What are the three atoms in carbohydrates?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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What the individual molecule for carbohydrates called?
A monosaccharide
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What is two monosaccharides joined called?
A disaccharide
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What is a chain on monosaccharides called?
A polysaccharide
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What are the three monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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What are the properties of these monosaccharides?
They are all sweet-tasting, soluble, and crystallizable
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What is the formula for all 3 monosaccharides?
C6H12O6
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Do all of the monosaccharides have the same structure?
No
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What is the general name for the solution that we use to test for reducing sugars?
Benedict's reagent
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What is the chemical name for the solution that we use to test for reducing sugars?
Copper(II) Suphate
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What is a reducing sugar?
It is a sugar that can donate electrons to another chemical
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What do we do to test for reducing sugars?
Add 2cm3 of Benedict's reagent to the sample, and heat in boiling water for 5 minutes
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What is formed if the solution we have is a reducing sugar?
A brick red precipitate
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What is the chemical name for this precipitate?
Copper(I) Oxide
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What are the three disaccharides?
Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose
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Which of the three are reducing sugars?
Maltose and Lactose
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Which disaccharide is formed by glucose+glucose?
Maltose
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Which disaccharide is formed by glucose+fructose?
Sucrose
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Which disaccharide is formed by glucose+galactose?
Lactose
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What happens when two monosaccharides join making a disaccharide?
A water molecule is removed
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What is the name given to this reaction?
A condensation reaction
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How do we split the disaccharide back into the two monosaccharides?
We add a molecule of water
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What is this reaction called?
Hydrolysis
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What is the bond formed in a disaccharide called?
A glycosidic bond
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What extra chemicals do we add when doing the non-reducing sugar test?
Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrocarbonate
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Why do we add hydrochloric acid?
To hydrolyse the disaccharide into its original monosaccharides
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Why do we add sodium hydrocarbonate?
To neutralize the hydrochloric acid because Benedict's Reagent doesn't work in acidic conditions
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What colour does the solution go in the test for starch?
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