Environment and Conflict

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  • Created by: becky.65
  • Created on: 27-11-19 15:15
Do resources cause conflicts?
No, they contribute to shape social relations so under certain conditions they influence the likelihood and cause of conflicts but resources do not cause conflicts
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How do humans transform the environment into resources?
By producing substances for satisfying human needs, so they are social processes and material substances
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What are the 4 different spatial characteristics?
Proximate, distant, point and diffuse
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What to spatial characteristics of resources influence?
The conflict type
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What type of conflict is a diffuse resource, distant from the centre of power going to cause?
Different worlds of warlordism as they are more easily exploited by rebel groups
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What type of conflict is a point resource, proximate to the centre of power going to cause?
A coup d'etat as they are more accessible to governments
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What is the resource curse?
Resource dependence results in economic underperformance and a weakening of governing institutions (as national income is dependent on exports rather than taxation), rendering a society more vulnerable to violent conflict
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What is resource conflict?
Grievances and conflicts associated with resource exploitation increase the risk of onset of larger-scale conflicts
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What are conflict resources?
The financial opportunities that resource exploitation present, which can sustain conflicts and motivate rebels
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Does oil cause wars?
Empirically yes; in 1992 1 in 5 countries at war was at war and by 2006 it was 1 in 3
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What causes oil wars?
Oil is scarce and there is a threat a diminishing oil supply would pose a national security issue and oil's location makes it strategically important. Oil productions benefits are distributed unevenly which leads to tensions
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What types of conflicts can 'oil wars' cause?
Geopolitical struggles over oil resources; oil-funded political violence by rogue states; territorial disputes over oil areas and communal protests which affect oil production and transport
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What characteristics of oil influences conflicts?
The economic importance of oil within a national economy; location of oil production sites; price level
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What are the stereotypical images of diamonds?
As 'blood diamonds', a primary motive of greed driven wars led by warlords
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What causes diamond wars?
Motivation by greed and the 'lootable' nature of diamonds
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Do diamonds increase the vulnerability of conflict?
Not all countries with diamonds are susceptible to conflict and of twenty conflicts that could be related to diamonds between 1946 and 2005, only four cases show a strong correlation
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Does diamond exploitation alter the risk of conflict?
When conflicts occur, they originate from issues around community relations, land rights and mining access, working conditions, and revenue sharing rather than the diamonds.
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Do diamonds create opportunities?
They did indeed play a role in financing rebellion in Angola and Sierra Leone but defending diamond areas can be tricky so diamonds present opportunities and challenges for rebel forces
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How much of the planets fresh water can we drink?
0.7%
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Is water an issue?
YES! There is no substitute to water and life depends on it
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How many water-related conflicts have there been as of today?
Over 650
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Does water scarcity lead to international conflicts?
No as since 1980 there has been a shift towards civil wars which has led to an increase in attacks on water-service infrastructure, including dams, pipelines, water treatment plants, and distribution systems
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When is water a trigger of violence?
When economic or physical access to water, or scarcity of water triggers violence e.g. Bolivian government privatising water resulting in protests
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When is water a weapon?
Where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used as a tool or weapon in a violent conflict e.g. use of chemical warfare to contaminate water sourced
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When is water a casualty?
Where water resources, or water systems, are intentional or incidental casualties or targets of violence
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Card 2

Front

How do humans transform the environment into resources?

Back

By producing substances for satisfying human needs, so they are social processes and material substances

Card 3

Front

What are the 4 different spatial characteristics?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What to spatial characteristics of resources influence?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What type of conflict is a diffuse resource, distant from the centre of power going to cause?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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