Enquiry Question 2 Flashcards

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How do tides form?
Tides are formed by the gravitational pull of the moon acting on water on the earth's surface. There is a gravitational attraction between the moon and earth in order to keep the moon in orbit; this causes the ocean to bulge out towards the moon.
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How are waves formed?
Waves form as a result of friction between the wind and water. Winds themselves are formed from uneven heat transfer from the sun. As air gets heated it becomes less dense and rises causing cooler air to rush in to take its place.
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What is the wavelength, wave height and frequency of constructive waves?
Wavelength- up to 100m. Wave height- less than 1m Frequency- 6-8 per minute
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What is the wavelength, wave height and frequency of destructive waves?
Wavelength- around 20m Wave height- over 1m Frequency- 13-15
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Where is the direction of the prevailing wind in the UK?
From the south west
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What happens to the backwash as a berm builds up?
It becomes weaker as it only drains by percolation- so only has enough energy to move smaller material
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What are beach cusps?
A small feature of a beach morphology profile. Horns made of coarser material and the embayment is made of finer sediment.Once they form they are a self-sustaining formation as once the wave hits a cusp it splits-lower speed coarse sediment deposited
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Give examples of locations where wave-cut platforms can be found.
Eastbourne West Sussex, Canter beach (near Morwenstow) Cornwall, East of Dane's Dyke Flamborough Head
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Give examples of where you would find steep sided cliffs
White cliffs of Dover, Kent and Eastbourne West Sussex
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Give examples of where you would find sloping/slumped cliffs
Holderness coast, East Yorkshire and Norfolk coast
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Give two examples of stacks- not including Old Harry
The Twelve Apostles, Great Ocean Road Melbourne, Australia. The Old Man of Hoy, Radwick, NE Scotland
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Give an example of a cove, other than Lulworth
McWay Cove, Calafornia
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What are the two main ways that deposition can occur?
Gravity Settling- occurs when energy of the water is too low to hold onto the sediment. Flocculation- important for small particles which remain suspended in water. Clay particles clump together due to electrical/chemical attraction and sink
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Why do some spits have a recurved end?
A river current may prevent the spit from growing any larger and a change in wind direction may cause the position of deposition to change
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Give two examples of tombolos
St. Ninian's island tombolo- Shetland islands, Lindisfarne Northumberland
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3 examples of cuspate forelands
Dungess, Kent. Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Point Pelee, Ontario Canada
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Where do offshore bars form?
In shallow water where destructive waves break before reaching the beach- the waves scour the sea bed and throw material forward into a heap.
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What are the possible sinks within a sediment cell?
Estuaries, Submarine Canyons, Offshore bar/bank Dredging, sedimentary features- beaches,dunes, spits, bars
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What is oxidation?
A type of chemical weathering where oxygen combines with iron-based minerals in the rock producing iron oxide. This increases the volume of the rock and means that the iron atoms are no longer bonded together, so the rock crumbles
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What is hydrolysis?
Another type of chemical weathering. Water is added to silicate and carbonate minerals during wet weather. This forms new clay minerals which are sheet-like so are easily removed.
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How can molluscs and clams contribute to cliff retreat?
Through a biological weathering process rock- boring. They scrape away at the rock surface to get food or bore a hole in the rock to make a home.
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What is mass movement?
The large scale movement of sediment down a slope under the force of gravity
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Give an example of where rock fall occurs
Burton Bradstock Cliffs.
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What type of situation is most vulnerable to mass movement?
When permeable strata like chalk and sandstone sit on top of impermeable strata like clay and mudstone. The upper strata will become saturated and will then slide down the impermeable strata.
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What happened at St Oswald's Bay in Dorset in April 2013?
A large rock fall occured- an 80-100m long section of cliff collapsed taking a section of coastal path with it.
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Why will a beach profile have multiple berms?
Because there will be variations in the high tide levels depending on the time of the month
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Which types of rock are the most affected by solution?
Limestone and Chalk
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What is a swash-aligned beach?
A beach where the wave crests approach parallel to the coast so the sediment moves up and down the beach with little lateral transfer/ longshore drift
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What is a drift-aligned beach?
A beach where the wave crests break at an angle to the coast so there is consistent longshore drift and the generation of elongated depositional features i.e. spits, bars, tombolos
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What angle of wave approach produces the greatest amount of longshore drift?
30 degrees
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Give an example of an offshore bar
Scroby sands, Norfolk off the East Anglian coast
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How are waves formed?

Back

Waves form as a result of friction between the wind and water. Winds themselves are formed from uneven heat transfer from the sun. As air gets heated it becomes less dense and rises causing cooler air to rush in to take its place.

Card 3

Front

What is the wavelength, wave height and frequency of constructive waves?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the wavelength, wave height and frequency of destructive waves?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where is the direction of the prevailing wind in the UK?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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