- if new words are added to our vocabulary or old words fall out of use
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Neologism/coinage
A word that is completely new + hasn't been derived from other words - rare & usually from a new idea or produc (e.g. google)
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Where have a lot of English words come from?
French, latin and greek words
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As of recent (2000) where have lots of words been taken?
From Americanisms; due to the political power, prestige and influence
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Non-anglicised borrowing
Words taken directly from another language e.g. "avec moi"
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Anglicised borrowing
Words borrowed from another language + adapted e.g. Roma (Rome), Italy (Italia)
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Archaism
Words and phrases that fall out of the english language (lot's in Shakespeare) e.g. thou, heist
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Affixation
Adding prefixes and suffixes to words that already exist (most common source of new words) e.g. "micro"-wave & "google"-ed
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Conversion
When the word class of an existing word changes (e.g. from noun to verb -"to google" & from verb to noun "a contest"
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Compounding
When words are combined to make a larger word e.g. laptop, blackbird, happy-hour
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Blend
Like compounding but, parts of each word are added together (e.g. smog= smoke + fog & sand= sand + land) OR KIMYE
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Eponym
The name of the person who created the product/service is given to it (e.g. Durex, celsius)
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Acronym
Abbreviation you can't pronounce (e.g. UEFA, LOL)
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Intialism
Abbreviation you can pronounce (e.g. DVD, FBI, USA)
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Abreviation/clipping
New word formed from shortening an exisitng word (e.g. ad [advertisement], phone [telephone])
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Back-formation
Kind of shortening where one word form (e.g. noun) is shortened to form a word from another word type (e.g. verb) edit-> editor & burgle-> burglar
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Reduplicatives
Adding words that mean the same thing together e.g itsy-bitsy, dilly-dally
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Infixing
Inserting a word into another (e.g. abso-bloody-loutely
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Semantic Change
Words remain in usage, but their meaning change
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Narrowing/Specialisation
A word goes from meaning something in general to specific (e.g. meat used to mean food, not animal flesh like today & girl used to mean young people in general
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Broadening/Generalisation
When the meaning of a word becomes more general/less specific (e.g. holiday used to mean 'holy day' & guys used to mean men only
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Amelioration
Negative word becomes positive (e.g. sick/wicked, terribly & pretty used to mean sly or cunning)
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Pejoration
Positive word becomes negative (e.g. cowboy now used to refer to dishonesty [cowboy builders]
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Weakening
Word doesn't hold as much meaning as before (e.g. soon used to mean immediately, now means in the near future)
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Metaphor
Word that acquires new meaning when used metaphorically/symbolically (e.g onion bag refers to football net as well as a bag of onions)
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Euphemisim
Mild word/expression used to replace a harsh one (e.g. passed away instead of died)
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Political Correctness
Approach using terms/phrases used to avoid offend groups of people (e.g. handicapped; disabled + mixed race; half cast + chairperson;chairman). Emerged in America 1970s
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Reasons for phonological change?
Ease of articulation (make words/phrases easier to say), media (youth's culture- americanisms),
acronym and initialism are the wrong way round. you can pronounce acronyms like "scuba" but you cant pronounce initialisms like DVD because they don't make a pronounceable word.
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