English Terms

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Abstract Noun
Refer to ideas and concepts that only exist in the mind
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Accent
The distinct pronunciation patterns of a group of people
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Accomodation
Where a speaker adapts to another speakers accent dialect or sociolect
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Acronomy
Abbreviation using the first letters of a group of words to make a new word (ASAP)
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Active Voice
Clause construction where the subject is also the actor (they are doing or have done something to somebody or something)
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Adjacency Pair
A pair of utterances in a conversation that go together (greeting and reply / question answer)
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Adjective
A word that modifies a noun
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Adverb
A word that modifies a verb telling you how where or when an action takes place. they can also modify adjectives telling you how much (I am really delighted)
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Adverbial
Words phrases or clauses which act as adverbs and identify where when or how when modifying a verb
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Affordance
Linguistic and behavioural choices provided by technology
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Agenda Setting
Where the speaker sets the main topic of conversation
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Analogical over-extension
Associating objects which are unrelated but which have one or more features in common (same colour)
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Anchored Relationship
An online relationship where two participants know each other in the offline world
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Article
A determiner such as "a" or "the"
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Asymmetrical power
An imbalance of power between people
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Asynchronous
Unlike synchronous there is a delay between utterances and responses. Responses posted on a forum which may occur months after the original post are an example of discourse that is asynchronous
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Audience
The person that the text is aimed at
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Auxiliary Verb
Assists the main verb, primary auxiliary verbs do, have and be denote changes of tense
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Avatar
The image used by a user to accompany a user name
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Backchannelling
Supportive terms such as "Oh" and "Really?"
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Bald on Record
Where a speaker is completely blunt and direct
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Bias
A from of prejudice in favour of or against an idea, person, or group expressed though images and language.
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Bidialectalism
A speakers ability to use two dialect in the same language.
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Categorical Over-extension
The most commonly occurring form of over-extension in a child's language and relates to confusing a hypernym (broad category - fruit) with a hyponym (specific example - grape)
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Catenative
Chain like structure in a sentence "so we .. and then ... and then we"
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Chaining
When a speaker responds and sets up the next speaker's comment through a chain of utterances which go beyond an adjacency pair
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Child Directed Speech
Speech patterns used by adults when communicating with young children
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Clause
A structural unit which contains at least one subject and one verb - it can include other features as well such as object, compliment and adverbial
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Closer
Spoken expressions which are designed to close
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Codification
A process of standardising a language
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Cohesion
The many parts of a text that draw it together into a recognisable whole - for example a in article has a headline, strap-line, images and captions
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Collocation
Two or more words that are commonly found together in a group or phrase with distinct meaning - fish and chips
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Comparative adjective
An adjective which indicates a comparison, often through the use of a suffix such as "er" or "est"
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Compliment
A clause element which tells you more about the subject or the object
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Complex sentence
Two or more clauses, one of which is a subordinate clause.
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Compound
A word formed from two words "dustbin"
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Compound sentence
Has two or more clauses usually joined to the main clause through "and" or "but"
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Compound-complex sentence
A sentence with three or more clauses with one a subordinate clause and one a coordinate clause
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Concrete nouns
Refer to things that can be touched
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Conditioning
The process by which humans are taught or trained to respond and learn by positive reinforcement
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Conjunction
A word that joins clauses
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Connotation
The associated meaning between words
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Consonant cluster
Groups of consonants that that demand high levels of muscular control to pronounce
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Constraints
Linguistic and behavioural restriction provided by technology
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Context
Where when and how a text is produced
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Convergence
Where a speaker moves towards another speakers accent dialect of sociolect.
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Cooing
The sounds made by children between the age of 6-8 weeks where they are discovering their vocal cords.
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Coordinate Clause
A clause beginning with a coordinating conjunction and is essentially a main clause joined to another main clause
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Coordinating Conjunction
Signal the start of a coordinating clause
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Copular verb
A verb that takes a compliment such as "seems" "appears" or a form of the verb to bi "is" "was"
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Corpus
A collection of written texts
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Covert Prestige
Describes a high social status through the use of non standard forms.
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Declarative
A sentence in which gives a statement in which the subject typically comes in front of the verb.
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Definite Article
the
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Deixis
Terms that point towards the setting of something and place the words in context
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Denotation
Literal meaning
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Determiner
Words determining the number or status of a noun
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Diachronic change
Refers to the study of historical language occurring over a period
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Dialect
Non standard variety of language particular to a region
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Direct Objects
The part of the clause that is directly acted upon by the subject
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Discourse
Describes the structure of any text that is longer than a single sentence
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Discourse marker
Marks a change in direction in an extended piece of writing or spoken text (nevertheless)
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Discourse structure
The way the text is structured linking to the genre
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Dismissal Formula
Device that closes a conversation
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Dispreferred response
A response which is unexpected although not rude
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Divergence
Where a speaker actively distances themselves from another speaker by accentuating their accent or dialect.
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Downward convergence
Making your accent or lexis less formal
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Empirical Approach
Getting knowledge by direct or indirect observation or experience
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Estuary English
A dialect of English which is believed to have spread outwards from London along the south east of England. It has features of received pronunciation and London English
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Etymology
The history of words including the language that they came from when it became a common word
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Exophoric reference
A reference to something - often cultural - that goes beyond the text.
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Extra Linguistic Variables
Factors effecting the way you speak - age,region,social class
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Flaming
Being rude through an online chatroom
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Flout a maxim
To not obey a rule of conversation (as suggested by Grice)
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Framing
Controls the agenda of a conversation - making utterances that encourage a child to fill the blanks
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French or latinate lexis
Tend to be specialist and low frequency
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Gestural
A way of communication through movement or body language
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Glottal stop
A form of stop consonant made at the back of the throat to replace the "T" sound
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Head noun
The main noun in the centre of a noun phrase
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High frequency lexis
Regularly used words
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Holophrase
A single word that may signify a broarder meaning within a child's language. (Juice - I want some juice)
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Hospitality token
A polite utterance relating to context designed to put speakers at their ease
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Hypernyms
Categories
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Hyponyms
Examples within categories
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Idiom
A form of non literal expression
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Idiolect
Your individual way of speaking
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Illocutionary act
Implying something in what we say
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Imperative
A command - normally starts with a verb in the bare form
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Indefinite article
"A" "An"
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Indirect object
Receives the action
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Inflection
A suffix which effect the tense or quantity
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Initialism
A group of words that is known by initials (FBI)
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Interrogative
Question
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Intertextuality / intertext reference
A subtle reference to another text that helps create a sense of pragmatic understanding and shared context making the writer reader relationship closer
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Intonation
Pitch
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Irregular verbs
Change form between tenses
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Isogloss
The divisions drawn by linguists according to accents and dialects
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Juxtaposition
Placement of two contrasting ideas
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Labelling
The process of attaching words to objects - capacity to do this grows with age
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Labov's narrative categories
A way of breaking down the discourse structure of a story
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Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
Support provided by parents to a child's linguistic development
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Chomsky - inherent capacity to learn language
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Left Branching Sentence
Subordinate clause comes first
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Lexical Field
Main subject matter
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Linear
Organised sequence of discourse (eg - beginning middle end)
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Loanword
An English word that is borrowed from another language
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Locutionary Act
Speaking
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Low Frequency Lexis
Rare and uncommon lexis
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Main Clause
The clause that stands on its own grammatically
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Main verb
The verb with the main meaning in a verb phrase
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Mainstream dialect
The dialect that spans the whole country
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Manner
Formality
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Manner Maxim
Don't be obscure or ambiguous
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Marked
Words with less prestige than the standard form
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Minor Sentence
A sentence that is missing elements making it technically ungrammatical
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Mixed Mode
Features of speech and writing in the same text
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Modal Auxiliary Verb
Expresses degrees of possibility, certainty, necessity or obligation
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Mode
Type of text
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Modification
Descriptions
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Modifier
Describes a noun
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Morphological Derivation
Making a new word out of an old word (eg - suffixes)
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Multimodal
More than one mode
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Negative Face
Links to Goffman's idea of faces. Our desire not to have to do things we don't want
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Negative Politeness
Indirect approach to asking someone to do something they don't want
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Neologism
A new word
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Network Building
When dhildren notice the similarities and links between different word labels for objects
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Neutral comment
A comment about something neutral such as the weather
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Nonce formation
Silly and new word created for a specific moment
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Non-linear
A text with no specific order of reading
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Noun phrase
A group of words with a noun at the centre
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Nouns
Names
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Number homophones
Numbers replace words and sounds in texts
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Object
Action after the verb
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Object permanence
The ability for a child to realise that an object exists when they cannot see it
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Off record
No threat made to a face
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Orthography
Spelling conventions
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Other related comment
Commenting on another participant of the conversation
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Overextension
Using a word to describe objects with similar features
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Overgeneralising
Overusing linguistic rules
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Overt Prestige
Dialect used by a powerful group
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Packaging
Boundaries of a label within child speech
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Passive voice
Subject is not the actor
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Periodic Sentence
The Complex sentence where the main clause is saved until the end
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Perlocutionary Act
Response to what is said
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Phatic Talk
Speech with little meaning other than the purpose to maintain a social relationshipn
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Phonemic expansion
Increase in variety of sounds a child can make
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Phonetics
How we produce sounds
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Polysemic
words with multiple meaning
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Positive face
Our need to maintain self esteem
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Positive reinforcement
reward for good behaviour encourages repetition
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Possessive determiner
Determiner that shows who the noun belongs to
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Positive politeness
Informal approach that assumes agreement between participants
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Post telegraphic stage
Auxiliary, prepositions and articles are introduced 30 months
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Pragmatic failure
Misunderstood
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Preposition
A word that shows relations between words in a sentence or clause linking to time or space
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Primary verbs
be have do
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Proper noun
Specific
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Pro-noun
Replaces a noun
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Prosodics
How rhythm and stressed syllables link to effect
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Proto-words
clusters of sounds used by babies to indicate a word when they cannot yet pronounce it fullyu
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Proto-words
clusters of sounds used by babies to indicate a word when they cannot yet pronounce it fullyu
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Proto-words
clusters of sounds used by babies to indicate a word when they cannot yet pronounce it fully
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Quality maxim
Be truthful
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Quantity maxim
Do not say more than is needed
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Recasting
The rephrasing or extension of a phrase in a child's language
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Received pronunciation
Prestige form of English
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Reduplicated mono-syllable
Ba-ba
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Relation Maxim
Be relevant
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Scaffolding
Adults provide children with conversational material and patterning
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Semantic Field
Words linked by meaning
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Simple sentence
One clause
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Sociolect
Social background reflects language
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Standardisation
Uniform language
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Subject
Performs the action
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Subordinate clause
Depends on the main clause to exist
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Superlative
Highest level of degree
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Synchronous
The same time - a face to face conversation is an example of this discourse
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Synonym
Similar meaning to another word
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Tag question
Interrogative clause added to the end of a declarative
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Telegraphic stage
24-36 months omission of auxiliary verbs and determiners
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Turn taking
Conversational rules
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Two word stage
18 months - subject verb form is common
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Underextension
Meaning of a word is narrowed by a child
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Upward convergence
Becoming more prestigious in your accent or dialect
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Valediction
Farewell expression
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Verb
Doing word
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Venacular
Every day regional language spoken by people
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Vernacular writing
Informal
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Violate a maxim
Subtle failure
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Accent

Back

The distinct pronunciation patterns of a group of people

Card 3

Front

Accomodation

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Acronomy

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Active Voice

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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