When a text contains both spoken and written elements.
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Continuum model
The idea that spoken and written are just opposite ends of a spectrum.
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Oppositional view
There is a tendency to speak of speech and writing as if they are opposites.
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Contextual factors
How the context affects the text. So- who produces it, the audience, the setting, the time that it is written and the mode.
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Conversation
Spoken exchange between two people face to face or non-face to face.
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Tag questions
Strings of words normally added to a statement to turn it into a question. E.g. “It’s a bit expensive around here, isn’t it?”
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Phatic talk
These are phrases which are pretty meaningless, but used to maintain relationships. E.g. usually when a person asks “How are you?” they don’t really want to know.
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Hedge
Words and phrases which soften the force of something that is said. E.g. ‘perhaps’, ‘maybe’, ‘sort of’, ‘possibly’, ‘I think’.
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Fillers
Items that are inserted in speech to allow time to think, to create a pause or to hold a turn in conversation. E.g. ‘er’, ‘um’, ‘ah’. Also called a voiced pause.
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Deixis
A word that can only be understood in context. E.g. “Place that over there.” Here the listener has to have some understanding of what ‘that’ is.
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Turn-taking
Adhering to the rules of politeness so a conversation is easy to follow. A ‘turn’ is a time during which a participant speaks.
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Adjacency pairs
An established way of turn taking- e.g. question and answer, greeting and responses.
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Discourse markers
These are used to signal that what is said can be followed by the listener or reader. E.g. ‘first’, ‘on the other hand’, ‘now’, ‘what’s more’, ‘so anyway’ etc.
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Topic shifter
Sometimes called a SKIP-CONNECTOR this is an utterance that changes the topic. E.g. by the way, so…
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Topic loop
This is an utterance that returns the conversation to an earlier topic. E.g. as I said earlier, anyway back to the…
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Back channeling
Words, phrases and non-verbal utterances. E.g. “I see”, “oh”, “uh huh”, “really” used by a listener to give feedback to a speaker that the message is being followed and understood.
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Transition point
Pauses that occur as a consequence of natural pauses or a complete break on the part of the speaker to allow another to speak.
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Overlap
One speaker talks at the same time as another speaker.
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Interruption
The speaker hasn’t finished a unit of meaning but someone else starts talking anyway. These occur frequently.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
When a text contains both spoken and written elements.
Back
Blended mode
Card 3
Front
The idea that spoken and written are just opposite ends of a spectrum.
Back
Card 4
Front
There is a tendency to speak of speech and writing as if they are opposites.
Back
Card 5
Front
How the context affects the text. So- who produces it, the audience, the setting, the time that it is written and the mode.
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