English language

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  • Created by: 04cbaldy
  • Created on: 30-04-19 15:35
Skinner's rats theroy
Children learn to speak by imitating their parents and being rewarded or punished according to the accuracy of their utterances. (nurture)
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Chomsky
Babies are born with an innate knowledge of the structure of language (all language share the same basic structure) and this speeds up their learning of their native language when they hear it. All children have a LAD (nature)
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Piaget
Language development goes hand in hand with the development of thinking and knowledge (cognitive development). Until the child has acquired concepts of size, object permanence, etc, s/he can’t grasp and use words (nature and nurture)
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Bruner
Children’s language development is accelerated according to the quantity and quality of their social interactions with adults. It is only through interactions with adults that children learn the social pragmatics of language use. (nature)
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Vygotsky
Beleived children need support from adults. ZPD is when a child needs a caregiver's help to interact. This support is known as scaffolding. (nature)
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Grunwell (phonological processes)
Linked to deletion of unstressed sylablles and consonant cluster reductions as a way for kids to symplify words pronounciation
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Virtuous error
A error a child makes in their speech that can be explaned by conventional language rules being applied
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Overgeneralisation
Taking a grammatical rule too far
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Overextension
When a child makes the incorrect assumption that because something shares some characteristics with something else they are the same. E.G. calling any four legged animal a cat
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Deletion of unstressed syllable
Removing a syllable that isn't prominent e.g. instead of plane, pane
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addition of deminutive suffix
adding something to a word to change how it is viewed or because of age. E.g. doggie
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Function words
Prepositions, connective verbs, articles and auxiliary verbs
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Content words
Nouns, verbs and adjectives
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Reduplication
the root or stem of a word or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. E.G. Choc Choc
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Keith and Shuttleworth
Women talk more than men, are more polite, are indecisive, complain and nag, ask more questions and support each other and cooperate.
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Tannen
status v support, understanding v advice, information v feelings, orders v proposals, conflict v comprimise, independence v intimacy
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Spender
Androcentric world- man made rules to put them at a advantage. Shown at a lesser extent by "chairman", "mankind" and "policemen"
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Lakoff
Proposed common speech features of women including; hedges, tag questions, avoid taboo language, polite and indirect requests
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Reyes
Emotions (particually fear), hypothetical future, rationality, voices of expertise, altruism
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Wareing
Defined power dynamics depending on holders power, instrumental or influential
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Fairclough
Synthetic personalisation- directly addressing mass audiances as if they were induviduals
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Cialdini
Methods of selling things to consumers; Reciprocity, scarcity, authority, consistency, liking and consencus
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Aristotle
Logos (logic), Pathos (emotion) and Ethos (ethics)
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Brown and Levinson
Politeness theroy, Face
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Affordances and Constraints
the linguistic and behavioural choices provided by technology and the restrictions provided by technology
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Copular verb
Joins the subect of a sentence to a compliment or adjective
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Passive voice
clause construction where the subject is not the actor (they have had or are having something done to them) e.g. the data was collected
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Active voice
clause construction where the subject is also the actor (they are doing or have done something to somebody/something) e.g. I collected the data
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Analogical overextension
associating objects which are unrelated but which have one or more features in common (e.g. both being the same colour)
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Categorical overextension
the most commonly occurring form of overextension in a child’s language, and relates to confusing a hypernym (broad category, e.g. fruit) with a hyponym (specific example)
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Convergence
where a speaker moves towards another speaker’s accent, dialect or sociolect
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Divergence
When a speaker moves away from another speakers accent, dialect or sociolect
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Illocutionary act
implying something in what we say
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Perlocutionary act
the effect of what was said
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Locutionary act
What was said
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Auxiliary verb
such as; be, do and have
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Modal auxiliary verb
a sub-category of auxiliary verb that expresses degrees of possibility, probability, necessity or obligation. such as may might could
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one word stage
9-18 months
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Two word stage
18-24 months
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Telegraphic stage
24-30 months
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Post telegraphic stage
30+ months
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Chomsky

Back

Babies are born with an innate knowledge of the structure of language (all language share the same basic structure) and this speeds up their learning of their native language when they hear it. All children have a LAD (nature)

Card 3

Front

Piaget

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Bruner

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Vygotsky

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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