English As Revision Flash Cards - Paper 2

Various key words and theorists that could be mentioned in your exam answer for paper 2

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Grices 4 Maxims
Quanitity, Quality, Relevance and Manner
1 of 31
Maxim of Quantity
Make your contribution as informative as needed, and do not inform to much
2 of 31
5 purposes of tag questions
Facilitative, Confrontational, Softening, affective and expressing uncertainty
3 of 31
Maxim of Relevance
Stay relevent to the topic
4 of 31
Robin Lakoff
Composed the theory of Dominance
5 of 31
Deborah Tannen
Composed the theory of Difference
6 of 31
Theory of Difference
By Deborah Tannen, said women speak to support and men speak to compete
7 of 31
O'barr and Atkins
30 month Courtroom study that showed Lakoffs assumptions were of powerless language not womens language
8 of 31
Recieved Pronunciation (RP)
Traditional accent associated with the educated and upper class. Contains lots of long vowels and pronunciation of H and T sounds
9 of 31
Janet Holmes
Suggested tag questions may function as a device to help maintain discussion rather than show uncertainty
10 of 31
Maxim of Manner
Be Breif, orderly and avoid obscurity of expression
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Facilitative tag questions
Helps the conversation move along, "Can i help you?"
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Confrontational tag questions
To strengthen a negative point or force an answer, "You do understand dont you?"
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Affective tag questions
Express feeling, "Do you like that?"
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Peter Trudgill
Studied male and female speakers pronunciation of the suffix 'ing' in Norwich. Men used non standard pronunciation and women over reported
15 of 31
Softening tag questions
Make a critical comment seem less severe, "Well that was no good was it?"
16 of 31
Zimmerman and West
Researchers that found 96% of men in mixed sex conversations interrupted
17 of 31
Maxim of Quality
Only say something you believe to be true and have adequate evidence to support
18 of 31
Jennifer Coates
Suggested all female talk is cooperative to help negotiate discussions and support eachother
19 of 31
Jargon
Technical or occupational terms and language
20 of 31
Brown and Levinson
Composed the theory of Politeness, both positive and negative
21 of 31
Goffman
Composed the theory of Face
22 of 31
Face threatening act
Act that ruins the conversation of the positive/negative face
23 of 31
Positive face
The need to feel wanted or make others feel wanted
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William Labov
Created theory of Overt and Covert prestige
25 of 31
Positive politeness
Compliments, jokes or agreement
26 of 31
Negative politeness
Peccemism, apologetic or indirect
27 of 31
Synthetic personalisation
Using personal pronouns like 'You' to link to the reader and create a false freindship/relationship
28 of 31
Examples of Dominance Theory
Women use more: Imperatives, Empty adjectives, tag questions, indirect commands, superpolite forms, hedge phrases etc.
29 of 31
Negative face
The need to not feel imposed on
30 of 31
Jenny Chesire
Anaylysed talk of teenagers in Reading and found in nearly all cases boys used more non standard forms of English
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Make your contribution as informative as needed, and do not inform to much

Back

Maxim of Quantity

Card 3

Front

Facilitative, Confrontational, Softening, affective and expressing uncertainty

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Stay relevent to the topic

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Composed the theory of Dominance

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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