the literal (denotative) and associated (connotational) meaning of words
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semantic field
groups of words connected by shared meanings
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synonyms
words that have equivalent meanings
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Antonyms
words that have contrasting meanings
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Hypernyms
words whose meanings contain other words,
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Hyponyms
words that can be included in a larger, more general category
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Levels of formality
vocabulary styles which include slang, colloquial, taboo, formal and frozen levels.
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Jargon
a particular vocabulary used when talking about a particular occupation ie: political jargon
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sociolect
language style associated with a particular social group.
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neology
the process of new word formation
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Semantic change
the process of words changing meaning,
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figurative language
use of speech ie: a metaphor
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idiomatic language
a non literal way of using language that adds colour to conversation and description
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morpheme
the smallest grammatical unit, either a root or an affix
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root morpheme
a morpheme that can stand on its own
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affix
a morpheme that combines wit a root morpheme to create a new word
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phrase
a group of words centred around a head word
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head word
the central word in phrases which gives the phrase its name.
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modification
the adding of additional words to provide more detail to a head word either before it or after it
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clause
a group of words centred around a verb, which may be grammatically complete or incomplete
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active voice
a clause where the agent of an action is the subject.
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implicature
an implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken.
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Inference
the understanding of implied meanings.
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Irony
using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed.
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Deixis
words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is using them, and where and when they are being used.
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Speech acts
communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them, for example, apologies and promises.
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Politeness
the awareness of others’ needs to be approved of and liked (positive politeness) and/or given freedom to express their own identity and choices (negative politeness).
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Face
the concept of how all communication relies on presenting a ‘face’ to listeners and audiences, and how face-threatening acts (the threat to either positive or negative face) and the management of positive and negative face needs contribute to i
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Cooperative principles in conversation
how interaction is generally based upon various kinds of cooperative behaviour between speakers.
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