Emancipation

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What happened to Russia in the Crimean War?
They were defeated
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What were Russia's 4 problems that were exposed during the Crimean War?
1) Communication 2) Industry 3) Administration 4) Military
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What was the problems with communication for Russia?
Only 60,000 of its 1 million soldiers actually went to war
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What was the problems with industry for Russia?
They were unable to equip Russian troops with the modern weapons Britain and France used
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What was the problems with administration for Russia?
It was corrupt and ineffective
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What was the problems wth the military for Russia?
it was poorly equipped and suffered huge loses due to illness and disease.
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What did the loss in Crimea show Alexander?
Russia needed to modernise in order to strength Russia and retrain its status as a Great Power
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How many peasant revolts were there between 1844 and 1854?
350
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What happened when Nicholas I tried to recruit troops for the Crimean War
Peasent unrest increased considerably, and the levels of violence demanded that the army had to be used to restore order
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What did many people think about reform?
Many were convinced that the change was necessary
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What did the early months of Alexanders reign see?
An unusual consensus in favour or reform
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What did Alexander II encourage?
the optimism and hope for reform
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How did he encourage this optimism for reform?
He relaxed press censorship and allowed free discussion of the serfdom issue
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What was Alexander's motives for reforms?
because of his desire to strengthen and consolidate the tsarist autocracy
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How did Alexander hope to secure Russia's position as a great power?
By improving the position of the Russian state both internally and externally.
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What were the 3 things Alexander hoped for Russia as a great power>
1) For peace and stability 2) a prosperous and content peasantry 3) Industrial growth which would strength and modernise the army and economy
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What didn't Alexander want to lose when modernising?
He didn't want to lose the support of the conservative nobles who supported the autocracy
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Why did Alexander II want to modernise?
To strength the autocratic tsarist state.
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What did Alexander want to achieve through modernisation?
The social and economic modernisation of Russia with allowing a 'civil society'
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What was the one reason why Nicholas I didn't tackle the issue of serfdom?
1) The hostility of the nolbility and the landowners.
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Why were the nobility and landowners reluctant to reform?
They didn't want to lose status and wealth as their finical and social status depended on how many serfs they owned.
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Why didn't Nicolas I want to lose the nobility's support?
The Tsar relied upon the nobility to rule the country.
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What was the second reason why Nicholas I didn't tackle the issue of serfdom?
The stability of the Russian social system was deeply dependent on the institution of serfdom.
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What were the nobility and Slavophiles scared of?
That emancipation the serfs would lead to chaos if the peasants were to be freed.
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How long did to it take for Alexander to complete Emancipation?
It took them from March 1856 to February 1961 (5 YEARS)
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What does EOTS stand for?
Emancipation Of The Serfs
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How many years of personal freedom were Serfs given and what did they allow the to do under the EOTS
For 2 years and allowed them to own land, marry without interference, use law courts and set up their own businesses.
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What were freed peasants granted?
Ownership of their houses and their plot of land
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What was each serf guaranteed
A minimum size of allotment
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How many serfs received allotments 20% smaller than the land they worked on?
75%
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What did the government do to the peasants to compensate?
Gave them the land they had lost
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What did compensating landlords for the land lost lead to?
Serfs had to repay the state
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How long did they had to pay redemption payments for?
49 years
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What was the local mir made responsible for?
Collecting and paying the redemption taxes and exercised considerable control over each peasant
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What was the differences to state serfs?
Transition period was 5 years not 2 but they received larger plots of land
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What was the differences to household serfs?
They came out the worst: they received no land, just their freedom
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What did Prince Kropotkin say about emancipation?
That peasents met the reforms with enthusiasm and celebrated their liberation but radicals hoped for greater changed
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What was the peasants response to emanciatopn?
They tended to be dissatisfied as they saw the shortcomings of the deal (e.g. didnt want to pay landlords for land)
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How many incidents were there of peasants rioting?
In total there were 647 incidents following the Edict
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What was the Nobility's response to emancipation?
They resented their loss of social importance and felt betrayed that Alexander fight fully consult them
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What clearly shown the difficulties Alexander and his ministers faced in emancipating the serfs?
The nobility were angered by what they saw as a radical document and the peasants were disappointed by what they saw as a moderate document. H
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How many riots were there in 1861?
499
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What was the only way these riots could be stopped?
With the use of military force
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Who divided the land for the serfs? Why was this a problem?
It was left in charge of the landowners. This was a problem because they kept the best land for themselves
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How many serfs received no land at all?
1.5 million
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How many peasants did not have sufficient land to sustain life>
60%
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What was the problem with redemption payments?
They were highly inflated
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What was the average cost of Black Soil land, but what was it worth?
The average cost was 341 million roubles but it was worth 284 million.
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Why was the Mir's power increases?
To ensure redemption payments could be made by the peasants
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What were peasants given which further tied them to the Mir?
They were given "internal passports"
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What is one reason why shortages of food were more common?
1) Peasants were no longer farming the best areas
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What was another reason why shortages of food were ore common?
The population had doubled between 1800 and 1860.
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What was the population in 1858?
68 million
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What was the population by 1897?
125 million
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How long did Emancipation take?
20 years
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by 1905, what were the nobility forced to do?
They were forced to sell 1/3 of the land they had received in 1861
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How much of the Nobility's land had to be re-mortaged?
50%
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Between 1958 and 1861, how many nobles were killed by peasants?
53 nobles
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In 1881, how much of nobility owned land had been sold to peasents?
85%
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What did this show about the nobles?
They had to sell land in order to survive.
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What are 2 reasons why emancipation a monumental success?
1) 40 million Russians were liberated overnight 2) Russia had made a dramatic break with its social and economic past
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What did emancipation grantee?
It guaranteed land to the former serfs and did more to guarantee the personal freedom of those liberated.
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What does historian David Christian argue?
Emancipation was a success in achieving immediate objective: peasant disturbances were reduced for the next 40 years and serfdom was abolished.
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What was Emancipation dependant on?
the support of the nobility
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How did the support of the nobility affect emancipation?
it slowed it down and carried it out in a way that favoured the interests of landowners
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What were the problems of land settlements?
Areas were too small and landlords changed inflated prices
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What did the land settlements leave the peasants with?
Less land than before, paying redemption payments, and domestic serfs hadn't received any land.
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What did Emancipation worsen?
It actually worsened the wealth, and laving standards of former serfs.
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What did the control of the mir restrict peasants from doing?
It could restrict ravel and freedom of enterprise in the villages
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What did the Mir prevent? Why?
It prevented the transformation of former serfs into individual peasant land owners by sharing land inefficiently in narrow strips.
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What did the Emancipation fail to solve>
It failed to solve industrial backwardness
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State 2 reasons why Emancipation failed to solve industrial backwardness?
1) Lack in land 2) Facing economic difficulties
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What did the Mir prevent peasants from doing?
Being able to leave the village, the peasants were not transformed into a new class of prospersous consumers.
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What was the previous problems with the legal system?
There was no lawyers or juries in courts, so people were presumed guilty until proven innocent. The poor had little change of securing justice.
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What did Alexander introduce in 1864?
A modern Western-style system that aimed to be "equal for all our subjects"
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Name 3 things the legal form included?
1) Introduction of juries, 2) judges to be well paid to avoid bribery 3) courts open to public
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What did the new system offer Russians?
The chance of a fair trail for the first time.
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What did university reform mean?
that universities were given much greater autonomy in their affairs, scholars were allowed to study abroad.
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What did the education reform do for poor students?
They no longer had to pay fees
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How many students were exempt from frees by 1859?
2/3
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What happened to the number of children attending primary school?
It increased considerably, and it more than doubled from 450,000 to 1 million
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What did the governments liberal policies do to universities?
Student radicalism grew and teaching lectures seemed to appear to be serving the promotion of political instability
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What did the government focus on developing in order to modernise economically?
They wanted to develop railways, increasing coal and iron production and pursued a vigourours policy of industrialisation.
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How much did the Russian railway system develop from?
1,600km in 1861 to over 22,000 in 1878
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What was the problem of the size of the Russian railway?
It was still small compared internationally and given Russian's immense size
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What did the railway growth helped to provide?
Helped provide the empire with greater internal coherence and to stimulate internal trade.
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What increased and emerged due to economic reforms?
There were considerable increases in oil and coal production and new industrial areas were emerging.
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What did steady population growth lead to?
It led a growing market for manufactures goods ('peasant marker')
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What was the problem with the 'peasant market'
It was extremely fragile as to was dependant on a good harvest and transport difficulties stopped further development.
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What was one area that saw little reform?
The government's taxation policies
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What did Russia's reforms lack?
The rate of development was still slow and uneven and Russia remained relatively backwards.
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What did Alexander see the need for since abolishing serfdom?
He saw the need for a change in the govermental system
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What did local government assemblies call for in 1864>
Called for local government assemblies called 'zemstva' to be set up
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What followed zemstvas in 1870?
Urban assemblies called Dumas
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What were Zemstva's?
Zemstva were potentially a radical liberal measure.
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Why did Alexander set up the Zemstva's?
Alexander was appeasing local nobility by giving them some local political power in response to their perceived loss of status with emancipation
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What did the Zemstva's and Duma's have local power over?
they had local power public health, prisons, roads, agriculture and education
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What did Zemstva provide?
New opportunities for local political participation.
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What were the limitations of the new form of local power?
Police remained under control, provisional governor could overall all zemstva decisions, the voting system was heavily weight towards local landowners.
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What did the short of money mean for Zemstva's?
It limited their practical options.
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Why was the fact that the voting system was heavily weighted towards local landowners cause problems?
It made it easier for the conservative nobility and their interests to dominate assemblies
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What did the education reform do for primary schools between 1856 and 1878
The number of children in primary schools doubled from 450,000 to over 1 million
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What did the number of university students grow to after 1861?
They grew to 10,000
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What was allowed in lectures in 1863?
Information on the European Law and philosophy
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By 1914-1915, how many general education institutions where there?
77,000
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How many students and teachers where there by 1914-1915
5,700,000 students and 167,000 teachers
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How many books where published in 1864 and in 1894
1864 = 1,36 1894=10,691
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What book was released in 1864? And what did it do?
Chernyshevsky's book 'What Is To Be Done' and became an inspiration to revolutionary groups (Land of Liberty)
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How many seats in a district Zemstva was given to Nobles
42%
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How many seats in a district Zemstva was given to peasants
38%
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How many seats in a district Zemstva was given to Merchants
10.5%
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How many seats in a district Zemstva was given to church families
6.5%
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How many seats in the provisional Zemstva was given to Nobles
74%
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How many seats in the provisional Zemtva was given to peasants?
10.5%
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How many seats in the provisional Zemstva was given to Merchants?
11%
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How many seats in the provisional Zemstva was given to Church families?
4%
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Why was it a problem that the majority of Zemstva members were nobles?
Because they were only 1.5% of the population meaning that the peasants didn't have equal say
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What was created in 1862 to help with military reform?
4 regional command centres
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What followed the 4 regional command centres in 1864?
By six more regional command centres
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What controlled the whole of the Empire?
15 command centres
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What did the command centres mean for Russia's readiness for war?
It was achieved much more quickly than ever before
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What was military service cut from
It was cut from 25 years to 15 years or less
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Why did peasants not want to be involved in the army before reforms?
Military service was 25 years, meaning that they would spend more of their life on the front line so they wouldn't try very hard in battles to succeed
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What was the military budget reduced to in 1859?
5,800,000 roubles
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How much was Alexander able to trim the budget by 1860?
1,879,260 roubles
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What did Miliutin set up to ensure that officers were better educated?
The Gymnasia
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What did the Gymnasia mean?
That low ranking officers could advance through the ranks.
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What did the Gymnasia change?
That education and advancement in the army was no longer exclusive to the nobility and had nothing to do with ability.
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What did elementary education for peasants mean?
2 and 3 million ex soldiers in civilian life could now read and write
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Who was recruitment opened to? What did this mean?
It was now opened to all classes and was no longer confined to the peasants
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What did the 1872 Statue on Universal Military Service mean?
It meant that all males over the age of 21 were eligible for service
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Who did Russia defeat in the War of 1877-78
The Turkish Army
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What did Alexanders reforms lead to?
It led to greater political opposition
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Who did Alexander upset? Why?
Both conservatives who resented the loss of influence and the liberals who wanted reform to futher
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What led Alexander to his assassination in 1881/
The dissatisfaction and opposition for not continuing the process of reform, and his failure to deal with radical political opposition
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Who was the army minister?
mILYUTIN
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Who was the economy minister?
Reutern
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Who was the education minister?
Tolstoy
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What did Tolstoy do to education and the church?
Zemstva powers over education were reduced and the church was returned to a position of provinces.
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What was the "gymnzazii" (high schools) order to follow?
A more traditional curricular.
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What did the Ministry of Internal Affairs do?
They gave the right to forbid certain topics from discussion and censorship was tightened.
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