reduce intra occular pressure (IOP) which is a main cause of glaucoma
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glaucoma 1st line treatment
prostaglandin analogues or bitmatoprost
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what are prostaglandins
key mediators in inflammation. powerful vasodilators
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where are they produced
often at site of action, usually in response to trauma, injury, infection etc
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how are they produced
they are a metabolite of arachidonic acid
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anti inflammatory drugs target
prostaglandin synthesis
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arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandin by
COX enzymes
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examples of prostaglandin analogues
latanoprost, travoprost
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prostaglandin analogues are
agonists of prostaglandin F2 receptor - which is widely expressed in the eye
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how do prostaglandin analogues work
usually a prodrug so can absorb across eye- once in eye converted into active drug. they increase permeability to sclera - promote drainage of aq fluid.
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glaucoma drugs either
promote drainage of aq. humour or reduce production of aq. to reduce IOP
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detailed process
analogue triggers matrix metalloprotease (MMPs) they then digest parts of extracellular matric (ECM) this increases the outflow of aq.hum therfore decreasing the IOP
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2nd line/other treatments
B blockers
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Histamine is a
inflammatory mediator
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what causes they symptoms in allergies
histamine (sneezing,runny nose, streaming eyes)
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Histamine is an
endogenous substance
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where is it synthesised stored and released from
mast cells, basophils
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Sythesis of histamine
L histadine (AA from diet) converted to histamine by decarboxylation
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mechanism of histamine
interacts with histamine receptors, GPCRs and 7 transmembrane domains
allergen presents self to CD4+Tcells --> B cell produces ABs
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a normal immune response produces which ABs
IgA, IgG, IgM
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type 1 hypersen produces
IgE antibods
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IgE will
bind to surface of basophils or mast cells, then on re-exposure to allergen - allergen will bind to IgE on surface -- cross link IgE ABs- this triggers degranulation
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degranulation
mast cells and basophils have histamine rich granules which are released
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release of histamine
dilation of blood vessels , swelling and recruitment of inflam. cells . cause iritation at nerve ending -> itch
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