Education and Research Methods Quiz Cards 2

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What are some factors that affect achievement internal to schools?
Labelling and pupil subcultures.
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What is labeling theory?
How the behaviour and self identity of an individual is influenced by how that person is categorized and described by others.
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What is a self fulfilling prophecy?
Once a label is successfully applied, the individual may live up to the label and perform it.
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What did Gillborn and Youdell say about labeling?
Working class and black pupils are less likely to be perceived to get 5 GCSE's so they are placed on the lower tiers.
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What did Rosenthal and Jacobson discover about labeling?
Picked 20% of 'higher' students at random. Found these children eventually did better because teachers were told they would spurt.
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What is differentiation?
Teachers categorizing pupils according to how they perceive their abiltlty. Streaming is a form of this.
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What is polarization?
The way pupils respond to streaming by moving to one of the extremes or opposite 'poles'.
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What is pro school subculture?
Value school and conform to its rules and ideas. Usually middle class and in higher streams, seen as neat, high achieving pupils.
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What is anti school subculture?
Don't value school, and rebel against its rules and ideas. Usually working class pupils in lower streams, like Paul Willis study.
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What male subcultures did Mac An Ghail find?
The macho lads, real englishmen and the academic achievers.
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What are the words associated with Positivists?
Macro, quantitative, secondary, structuralists. Functionalist, New Right and Marxist.
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What words are associated with Interpretatives?
Micro, qualitative, primary and interactionalists.
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What are the problems with overt observation?
A group may refuse to be observed and prevent the researcher from seeing everything. It risks the Hawthorne effect.
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What are the pro's of overt observation?
It avoids the ethical problem of information obtained through deceit, or joining in with illegal activities. They can openly take notes and ask naive questions. Can use interview methods.
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What are the issues of covert observation?
It requires the researcher to keep up an act, calls for detailed knowledge of the group. The researcher must get into the group and fit in with the group. Risk of cover being blown. Ethical issues (deceit) Can effect the group with an outsider.
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What are the pro's of covert observation?
It preserves the natural element of behavior, reduces Hawthorne. Behavior usually concealed would be shown.
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What are the advantages of participant observation?
Validity- can see if people actually do what they say. Insight- Gain empathy and deep knowledge. Flexibility- Can come in with open mind and change direction as needed. Practical advantages- May be the only way to observe deviant groups.
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What are the disadvantages of participant observation?
Practical- Time consuming, stressful, needs training. Ethical- Deception. Reliability- Cannot be standerised, hard to reproduce. Validity- Subjective, the researcher is subjective, choose to record what they think is important.
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What are the limitations of interviews?
Interviewer bias- leading questions, non verbal signs (tone, facial expression) and close identification with the subject (Anne Oakley) Artificial, Status and power inequalities and social desirability.
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What are the strengths of unstructured interviews?
Rapport and sensitivity, the subject can talk about what they think is important, can check understanding between researcher and subject, flexible to ask whatever questions the researcher thinks have become important.
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What are the weakness' of unstructured interviews?
Can be invalid because they involve interaction. Can take a long time to conduct, small numbers mean it might not be very representative, not reliable because they aren't standerdized. Answers cannot be pre coded to count answers.
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What are the strengths of structured interviews?
Easy to train researchers, large number of reponsdants, usually for obtaining simple factual information. Easy to code. Can be repeated- Reliable.
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What are the weaknesses of unstructured interviews?
Sometimes the response rate can be low. Close questions don't always work. can't get to the 'heart of the matter'. High incidences of false data, no flexibility.
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What are the two main types of secondary sources?
Official statistics and documents (Public- produced by organizations and Private- items such as diaries and photo albums.)
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Why do interpretatives like documents?
They have validity, not written with research in mind, insight into the others world view meaning.
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Why don't positivists like documents?
Unstanderdised and unreliable. Difficult to draw generalisations. Reseachers can still impose their own meaning on them
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What are the most common form of official statistics?
The census, Registers of marriage, birth and death, OFSTEAD reports.
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What are the advantages of official statistics?
Data collected by the government can save time, money and can easily be accessed. Easily comparable. Good to show 'before and after'. Useful to look at data from a long period of time.
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What are the disadvantages of statistics?
Not everything a sociologists wants to know will be included. opinion polls are invariably inaccurate. Sometimes mistakes are made and information can go 'missing'. Doesn't tell us why things have changed/ patterns occur.
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Why do postivists like statistics?
They are factual, objective, replicable and scientific.
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Why do interpretivists dislike statistics?
They are socially constructed ( you can make them do what you want them to do, they don't always show the bigger picture)
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What are the practical issues with using interview techniques in schools?
Young people lingustic skills are less developed. Children might have difficulty keeping to the point. Reluctant to talk, shorter attention span. Access and response rate. Parents may withhold consent.
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What are the theoretical problems with using interview techniques in schools?
Reliability- Structured interviews are formal, personal interviews cannot be standerdised. Validity- The interviewer as the teacher, seek to win approval, inequalities may warp data.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is labeling theory?

Back

How the behaviour and self identity of an individual is influenced by how that person is categorized and described by others.

Card 3

Front

What is a self fulfilling prophecy?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What did Gillborn and Youdell say about labeling?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What did Rosenthal and Jacobson discover about labeling?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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