Education - Psychology

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What is the difference between active and passive learning?
Active learning (constructivists) - something done by you. Passive learning (behaviourists) - something done to you
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Pavlov's dogs and Watson's Little Albert study is an example of...
Classical conditioning
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Skinner's rats is an example of
Operant conditioning
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What is positive and negative reinforcement?
Postitive - receiving something good to encourage behaviour. Negative - removing something bad to encourage behaviour
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Define Token Economies
A system of behaviour modification based on the reinforcement of target behaviour
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Outline a limitation to behaviourism
It ignores internal processes, people don't always respond the same way and people can learn without reinforcement
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What is Bandura's social learning theory take on how people learn
They learn by observing others - such as in the Bobo Doll Experiment (1965)
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What are some limitations of the Bobo Doll experiment?
Generalisability - lab conditions, long term impacts, a doll doesn't equal a human. Validity - they may have just wanted to please the adults
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In SLT - what affects the liklihood of imitation?
Attentional processes (noticing it), retentional processes (remebering it), reproductive processes (copyable), incentive processes (reward)
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What are some key principles of constructivism?
Children are not passive, they actively construct their knowledge, they are active in making sense of information
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Why was constructivism formed?
Due to the lack of attention by behaviourists into what is going on inside the student's head during learning
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What are the 2 forms of constructivism
Cognitive (Piaget) - learners active in constructing knowledge when making sense of experiences. Social (Vygotsky) - social interactions are important as learners participate with others in meaningful ways
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How did Piaget coin his theory of cognitive development?
Observing his children and how their processes change radically
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Define Piaget's 'schemas'
We organise our thoughts and actions into cognitive structures to help us understand and interact with the world
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Define Piaget's 'assimilation'
We learn something new by adding it to what we know (our existing schemas)
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Define Piaget's 'accommodation'
This happens when we radically change our schemas because we have learnt something new that doesn't fit into any existing schemas.
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What are the 4 stages of cognitive development as defined by Piaget
Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
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Outline some limitations to Piaget's theory
There are individual differences in the rate at which children progress
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What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective?
That you cannot separate learning from social context and cognitive functions are products of social interaction
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What are the 3 themes in Vygotsky's writing
The social sources of individual thinking, role of language, ZPD
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What are the 3 stages of self regulation that language facilitates according to Vygotsky?
The childs behaviour is regulated by others and the child learns to regulate behaviour of others, the child regulates their own behaviour
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Define the meaning of Vygotsky's ZPD
The child is capable of solving more advanced problems but requires 'scaffolding' to get there
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What are some limitations of Vygotsky?
General ideas,
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Pavlov's dogs and Watson's Little Albert study is an example of...

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Classical conditioning

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Skinner's rats is an example of

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Card 4

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What is positive and negative reinforcement?

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Card 5

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Define Token Economies

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