a stratification system where people are catagorised based on their occupation
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what is the middle class?
people in non-manual occupations who are paid higher incomes
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what is the working class?
people in manual occupations who are paid lower incomes
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what are the two external factors of educational failure in social class?
material and cultural deprivation
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what are the two internal factors of educational failure in social class?
labelling and pupil subcultures
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what are the 3 parts of material deprivation?
housing, diet and finance
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what is material deprivation?
the physical things that pupils dont have outside of school which causes their education to suffer
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what did Harker say about housing?
overcrowded housing can make studying difficult at home and sharing bedrooms can result in lack of sleep
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what is a criticism of housing?
compulsory education policies
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what did Howard say about diet?
children from low income families have low vitamin and energy levels causing a weak immune system making it difficult to concentrate
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what is a criticism of diet?
free school meals and welfare benefits
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what did Tanner find about finance?
the hidden costs of education such as transport, uniform, equipment and school trips are a heavy burden on low income families
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what did Callender and Jackson find about finance?
working class students saw more benefits of not going to university because of the costs
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what is a criticism of finance?
welfare benefits and student finance schemes
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what is cultural deprivation?
the non-physical things that pupils dont have outside of school which causes their education to suffer
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what did Douglas say about parental interest?
working class parents are less likely to support their childrens education and middle class parents are more likely to attend parents evening
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what did Bernstein and Young find about parental interest?
middle class parents were more likely to buy their children educational books and toys
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what is a criticism of parental interest?
shift work can make it difficult to attend parents evening and school can make working class parents feel uncomfortable because it is a middle class institution
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what were the two types of speech Bernstein identified?
restricted and elaborated code
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what is the restricted code?
simple, shorter speech used by the working class
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what is the elaborated code?
detailed, complex speech used by the middle class and the education system
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what is a criticism of language?
schools fail to teach the elaborated code
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what are the four traits of the working class found by Sugarman?
Instant gratification, fatalism, collectivism and present time orientation
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what is instant gratification?
wanting to leave school as soon as possible and start working
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what is fatalism?
the belief there is nothing you can do to chance your status?
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what is collectivism?
favouring being in a group rather than succeeding on your own
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what is present time orientation?
seeing the present as more important than the past
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what is a criticism of the values and attitudes of the working class?
today we have social mobility allowing people to change their status. it is deterministic to assume this about all working class people
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what is cultural capital?
the knowledge and attitudes of the middle class, favoured by the education system
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what did Reay find about cultural capital?
that middle class mothers were more successful when building relationships with teachers because of their cultural capital
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what is a criticism of cultural capital?
teachers are sensitively trained
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what is labelling?
when someone attaches a definition to a person or group based on their views of them
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what did Becker find about labelling?
teachers have an image of the ideal pupil which is usually middle class
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what are subcultures?
a group of people within a culture who share the same norms and values different to the main culture
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what did Willis find about subcultures?
he studied a group of 12 working class lads who formed an anti school subculture due to being negatively labelled. they rejected education and gave each other status for being disruptive and breaking the rules
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what is a criticism of subcultures?
not all pupils respond to being labelled, Fullers study also proves this
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which policies help to reduce inequality?
free school meals and the new labour compulsory education policies 1997
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what is the middle class?
Back
people in non-manual occupations who are paid higher incomes
Card 3
Front
what is the working class?
Back
Card 4
Front
what are the two external factors of educational failure in social class?
Back
Card 5
Front
what are the two internal factors of educational failure in social class?
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