Education and Social Policy 1880-2017

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The year that schooling was made compulsory
1880
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The act that introduced the tripartite system
Butler Act of 1944
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Name the three different types of schools introduced under the 1944 Act
Grammar, secondary technical, secondary modern
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Did the tripartite system increase or reduce class inequality? Why?
Increased. Reproduced class inequalities by channelling the classes into the different schools, which offered unequal opportunities
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Did the tripartite system increase or reduce gender inequality? Why?
Increased. Girls had to get a higher mark in the 11+ than boys to go to a grammar school
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What was the aim of introducing comprehensive schools?
Overcome class divide and make the system more meritocratic
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Did comprehensives succeed or fail in their aim? Why?
Primarily fail. It was left to the local authorities whether to go comprehensive, and not all did- still a class divide in the schools
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Who was the Prime Minister that introduced marketisation in the 1988 Education Reform Act?
Margaret Thatcher
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Which sociologist coined the term 'parentocracy'?
Miriam David
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Which theoretical perspective favours marketisation, claiming that power shifts from schools to parents, encouraging diversity and raising standards?
Neoliberalism/New Right
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Which sociologists note how marketisation policies essentially just reproduce class inequalities?
Ball and Whitty
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Which sociologist talks about 'cream-skimming' and 'silt-shifting'?
Bartlett
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What is 'cream-skimming'?
When good schools can be more selective, only taking the best students, who tend to be middle-class
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What is 'silt-shifting'?
When good schools avoid taking less able pupils, who go to less popular schools, and are more likely to be working class
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How is the funding formula worked out?
Based on how many pupils a school attracts: a school with more pupils gets more funding for better resources, better teachers etc., whereas a not so popular school get less money so they lay off staff, can't afford reesources, etc.
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Which sociologist came up with three types of parents with regards to their ability to choose a secondary school?
Sharon Gewirtz
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Who are the privileged-skilled choosers?
Mainly professional, middle-class parents who used economic and cultural capital to know how the admissions system works and how to play it to get the secondary school they wanted
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Who are the disconnected-local choosers?
Mainly working-class parents who were restricted by their lack of economic and cultural capital. They found it difficult to understand the admissions process, so couldn't manipulate it. They attached more importance to facilities and safety.
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Who are the semi-skilled choosers?
Mainly working-class parents who were ambitious and frustrated about their inability to get their children into the schools they wanted
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Who believes that marketisation gives the appearance of a parentocracy?
Ball
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What did the New Labour governments of 1997-2010 bring in to try and reduce the effects of marketisation?
Compensatory policies
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What was the purpose of designating some deprived areas as Education Action Zones?
So that they could be provided with additional resources
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What was the name of the programme designed to raise the aspirations of groups who are under-rerepresented in high education?
Aim Higher
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E_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ M_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ were payments to students from low-income backgrounds to encourage them to stay on until the age of 18 to get better qualifications and reduce the number of NEETs
Education Maintenance Allowance
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The introduction of what, with literacy and numeracy hours and the reduction of primary school class sizes was of a greater benefit to disadvantaged groups, thus reducing inequality?
National Literacy Strategy
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Where and why were academies first set up?
Mainly in cities, to give fresh start to struggling schools with mainly working-class pupils
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What did the New Labour government do overall to tackle inequality?
Increased funding for state education
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Melissa Benn describes New Labour's dual commitment to marketisation and compensatory policies as what?
The 'New Labour paradox'
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Which policy of New Labour's did the coalition government of 2010-5 extend to all schools, thus removing the focus on reducing inequality?
Academisation
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Which type of school is funded by the state but set up and run by parents, teachers, faiths, or businesses?
Free school
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What do supporters of free schools claim?
They improve educational standards by giving power to parents and increasing diversity
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What do Rebecca Allen's findings about free schools show?
That Sweden's international educational ranking has fallen since their introduction; they only benefit children from highly educated families; they are socially divisive
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What other institution, similar to free schools, has been criticised for appearing to raise standards but through strict pupil selection and exclusion policies?
Charter schools in America
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What piece of evidence suggess that free schools take fewer disadvantaged pupils?
In 2011, only 6.4% of pupils at Bristol Free School were eligible for FSM, compared with 22.5% of pupils across the city (DfE, 2012)
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Ball argues that promoting academies and free schools has led to what and what?
Fragmentation that leads to greater inequality in opportunities and centralisation of control
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However, which two policies have been aimed at reducing inequalities?
Free school meals for all children in Reception, Year 1 and Year 2, and Pupil Premium, money that schools receive for each pupil from a disadvantaged background
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Which inspection body found that Puipil Premium is often not spent on pupils that it is supposed to help, with evidence that 1 in 10 headteachers said that it had significantly changed how they supported pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds?
Ofsted, in 2012
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Critics argue that the cutting of what has reduced opportunities for working-class pupils?
Sure Start centres (for the development of babies and young children) and EMA
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While New Labour introduced tuition fees, the coalition government tebled them to what amount each year, possibly discouraging working-classes from entering higher education?
£9,000
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Which two policies have been introduced to try and reduce gender differences in subject choice?
GIST (Girls In Science and Technology) and WISE (Women In Science and Engineering)
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Which set of policies in the 1960s and 1970s was meant to help pupils from ethnic minority groups to integreate into mainstream British culture, especially by helping those for whom English wasn't their first language?
Assimilation
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Which set of policies in the 1980s and 1990s was meant to promote achievement of children from ethnic minority groups by valuing all achievement in the curriculum?
Multicultural Education
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Which theoretical perspective opposes MCE for perpetuating what they see as cultural divisions because it is their belief that education should promote a shared national culture and identity?
New Right
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Which set of policies in the late 1990s included monitoring of exam reuslts by ethnicity, placing a legal duty on schools to promote racial equality, help for voluntary 'Saturday schools' in the black community and English as an Additional Language p
Social inclusion
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Who sees little change in policy, arguing that educational policy takes a soft approach by focusing on behaviour, the home and culture rather than tackling structural reasons for ethnic inequality e.g. poverty and racism?
Heidi Safia Mirza
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Gillborn argues that institutionally racist policies in relation to what three things continue to disadvantages pupils from an ethnic minority?
Ethnocentric curriculum, assessment and streaming
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Prime Minister Theresa May expressed an interest in bringing back what, leading to new fears of an increased inequality in education?
Grammar schools
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Butler Act of 1944

Back

The act that introduced the tripartite system

Card 3

Front

Grammar, secondary technical, secondary modern

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Increased. Reproduced class inequalities by channelling the classes into the different schools, which offered unequal opportunities

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Increased. Girls had to get a higher mark in the 11+ than boys to go to a grammar school

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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