Economic Weakness and the failure of reform/ Nationalist resurgence and coup

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  • Created by: tgrev
  • Created on: 22-04-17 11:41
Name 3 fundamental economic weaknesses
1. Soviet government failed to create work incentives society = egalitarian 2. Gosplan created waste by valuing quantity over quality 3. Centralised planning lead to experience being wasted and production not maximised
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Name the 3 stages of Perestroika
1. Rationalisation 1985-86, reform designed to modernise, increase growth and prod 2. Reform 1987-1990 reform to introduce market forces into econ 3. Transformation March 1990 - August 1991 Abandoning of single party and command econ
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How did the anti-alcohol campaign fail?
Alcohol consumption in 1987 was still double that of 1960, Government revenue dropped from alcohol as citizens drank illegally manufactured alcohol loss of 67 billion roubles, campaign abandoned 1988
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How did acceleration fail?
Soviet oil revenues dropped by more then 2 thirds, Govt debt rose as Gorb borrowed more from other countries 18.1 bil - 27.2 bil in 1988, Gorb invested in energy production ignoring his experts - less money for modernisation
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Name 3 partial market reforms
1. Law on individual Econ Activity Nov 1986 legalised earning from small scale jobs 2. Law of state enterprise 1987 intended to devolve factory power, little devolved and increased govt debt 3. Law on Co-ops 1989, large coops set up many successful
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Name 2 problems with the market
1. New market couldn't function properly -> greater problems e.g govt subsidised goods -> debt increased 2. Free market goods unpopular due to govt subsidies, this made production uneconomic
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How did the partial market create econ and political chaos?
Reforms undermined central planning system and failed to create an effective alternative -> no distribution = food shortages. Gorbachev's approval rate dropped from 52% to 21%, increased number of strikes, faith in communist system declined
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What did the 500 day program propose?
Widespread privatisation and complete marketisation in less then 2 years.
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What were Gorbachev's initial plans for political reform
1. Open up debate within the party 2. Allow intellectuals freedom of expression 3. Allow the public greater freedom of info
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What ways did Gorb hope to solve stagnation?
1. Democratisation would limit the power of traditionalists -> speed up econ reform 2. Openness would help econ recovery by ending distortion of info
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Why did Gorb liberalise the media?
To allow greater criticism and help develop new ideas, he appointed Yakovlev as head of soviet media who liberalised by appointing radical new editiors
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Name 2 examples of the extension of Glasnost
1. Tsipko publicly criticise Marx and Lenin 2. 19th Party congress 1988 seniors admitted the problems facing the Soviet Union including healthcare
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What were the consequences of Glasnost?
Allowed criticism of inefficiencies of the system, yet criticised Gorb and he was accused of reforming too little, faith undermined in the comm system due to Stalin's terror being exposed, some groups began demanding independence from the U.S.S.R
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What were 2 changes made to the election system in 1988?
1. 1500 of the congress of deputies would be elected 2. Remaining 750 appointed
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How did the IRDG step towards democracy?
Organised opposition to communist system with policies of republic autonomy
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What were the consequences of the 1989 election?
Weakened the position of the moderates, fuelled nationalist independence campaigns, Yeltsin emerged as a popular opposition figure to Gorb
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Why is soviet nationalism not popular with republics?
Its based off Russian traditions and norms as opposed to the ones of independent republics
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How did underestimating popularity of soviet nationalism hurt Gorb?
He assumed it was more stable then it was, so the strength of nationalism took him by surprise
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How did economic decline undermine the Union?
It reduced the previously improving standards of living, removing faith from the republics in the system
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Name 3 ways the government encouraged nationalist expression under Brezhnev
1. Each of the republics had the right to introduce education in their own language 2. Increase of publication of books and newspapers in non-Russian languages 3. Brez established uni's to educate non-Russian students on the union
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What was the impact of reforms on corruption?
1. All senior leaders were replaced by Russians if not already 2. Lead to riots in Kaszach because local replaced
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What was the impact of Acceleration?
1. Economic decline became associated with the Russian leaders as reforms occurred at the same time 2. Privilege of party officials went unchallenged 3. Growth of nationalism due to econ decline associated with Russian leaders
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What was the impact of Glasnost?
1. Exposed Stalin's persecution 2. Allowed citizens to see how much better western living standards were -> undermined communism 3. Allowed nationalists to publish their demands for autonomy.
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What was the Sinatra doctrine's impact?
1. Allowed much greater freedom in republics
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Where did new leaders win in democratic election?
Poland and Hungary
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Where were peaceful revolutions held that lead to disbanding?
East Germany and Czechoslovakia
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What was the impact of Armenian and Azerbajani conflict?
Both nations denounced the Soviet Union and demanded independence
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What was the impact of the Tiblisi massacre?
Local authority became reluctant to use force, more republics could claim independence
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How was Russian Nationalism spurred on?
1. Influence of ecological movements derived from Glasnost
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Impact of the Baltic break up
1. Yeltsin was able to start building a Russian army independent of the U.S.S.R
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Impact of Gorb's reform on the Union
Emphasised Gorb's democratic illegitimacy, Yeltsin's position strengthened by election result
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Name 3 impacts of the coup
1. Weakened position of Gorb, shows how out of touch he is 2. Party, Army and KGB discredited 3. Lead to suspension of the C.P on August 23rd and later ban on Nov 6th
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Name the 3 stages of Perestroika

Back

1. Rationalisation 1985-86, reform designed to modernise, increase growth and prod 2. Reform 1987-1990 reform to introduce market forces into econ 3. Transformation March 1990 - August 1991 Abandoning of single party and command econ

Card 3

Front

How did the anti-alcohol campaign fail?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How did acceleration fail?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Name 3 partial market reforms

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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