Ecology

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What do the arrows represent in a food chain ?
The flow of energy
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What do plant convert to food ?
Sun light/ sun energy
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What percentage of the energy is passed on to the next stage of the food chain ?
10%
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Why is energy lost at each stage ?
Each organism has to move to keep warm from respiration, energy is lost the faeces (waste).
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Why do farmers use this method ?
They use it to increase their harvest (YIELD). because if animals have restricted movement and are kept warm the energy from their food goes into GROWTH.
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What is growth ?
Not a waste of energy
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From the food chain what can we determine?
More efficient methods of consumption.
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Food webs, what is a food web ?
A truer representation of an ecosystem/habitat
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What is a habitat?
A place where an animal or something lives.
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what is an ecosystem ?
Everything living, Air, water, soil, organisms.
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What do food webs show ?
A number of ways different food chains interact and how POPULATION SIZES might effect the population of other organisms.
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Trophic levels, What are the trophic levels ?
These are each stage of a food chain and each level of a pyramid
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What does a pyramid of NUMBER look like?
The PRODUCER is at the BOTTOM , the PRIMARY consumer, then the SECONDARY consumer and then the TERTIARY consumer.
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What are all the levels in a Pyramid ?
The same Height eg: 1 cm
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What can make it easier for us to remember the trophic levels ?
GENERALLY the larger the organism the smaller the bar.
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Can a pyramid of number change shape ?
Yes
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What does a pyramid of BIOMASS look like ?
ALWAYS in a PYRAMID shape.
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What is BIOMASS ?
BIOMASS is living matter minus the water .
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Why do Pyramids of biomass stay the same shape?
Because ENERGY is LOST at EACH stage of the food chain.
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CARBON CYCLE , Carbon compounds are RECYCLED. What are the 3 main carbon compounds ?
Carbon dioxide, Glucose and Protein.
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What are the 3 main ELEMENTS that are recycled ?
Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen
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Draw and Label the Carbon Cycle
completed on separate paper
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For decomposers if the conditions change what happens ?
No oxygen, too cold, no water, pH lowers
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THE NITROGEN CYCLE .Draw and label the nitrogen Cycle
Completed on a separate paper
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What are the 4 main types of bacteria ?
Nitrifying, denitrifying, putrifying and nitrogen fixing bacteria
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Nitrogen in the air to nitrates in the soil ?
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
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Nitrates in the soil to plants proteins ?
Nitrates absorbed by plants via Active transport .
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Plant proteins to Ammounium compounds ?
Plants Decay/decomposition and gets turned in to ammonium compounds by putrifying bacteria,
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Ammonium compounds + urea to nitrates in the soil ?
Nitrifying bacteria
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nitrates in the soil to nitrogen in the air (N2)?
Denitrifying bacteria
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What enzyme breaks down urea ?
urease
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Eutrophication ----- what can nitrates and Phosphates be used as ?
ARTIFICIAL fertilizers
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what are the two forms of natural manure ?
Sewage or Manure
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Go through the eurtrophication process?
farmers use artificial fertilizers on their fields, rain causes the excess NPK to wash off into lakes, rivers, etc, this causes the pond plants to Grow RAPIDLY (or algae (ALGAL BLOOM)), Plants cover the surface BLOCKING THE LIGHT,
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continued from last question ?
Plants can no longer PHOTOSYNTHESISE, bacteria DECOMPOSES the dead plants, which USES up OXYGEN when they RESPIRE, causing the FISH to SOFFOCATE and DIE.
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INTENSIVE FARMING
Its all about the farmers wanting to increase their yield to increase the amount of money that they get.
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What are the four main methods of intensive farming ?
Fertilisers, Pesticides, Antibiotics and battery farming
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What are the 3 types of pesticides ?
Herbicides (weeds) , Insecticides (insects) , Fungicides (bacteria)
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What two methods are linked together ?
Antibiotics and battery farming
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Battery farming -- what is it ?
Keeping animals in SMALL,WARM cages to RESTRICT their MOVEMENT, make them grow BIGGER.
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What OBLIGATION do farmers have ?
To keep the animals happy and provide good welfare under the animal cruelty act
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Why are antibiotics put into animal feed ?
To REDUCE the spread of DISEASE.
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What is the problem with this ?
The antibiotics then get into HUMAN food chains and is leading to an INCREASED amount in ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA.
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What is a pesticide ?
These kill insects that eat the crops so they DON'T get DESTROYED
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BIOACCUMILATION. What is this ?
this is when PESTICIDES or HEAVY METALS build up to TOXIC LEVELS and become FATAL to HIGHER carnivores
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What do humans do that harms the environment ? ( answers are on 6 slides)
DRIVING - CO2, NO, they are GREEN HOUSE GASES, contribute to GLOBAL WARMING
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Continued
DEFORESTATION - destruction of habitat, loss of biodiversity, disruption to the carbon cycle, global warming
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Continued
POPULATION INCREASE - more needs (FOOD), intensive farming, Eutrophication, global warming
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continued
Rubbish/waste - More people more waste, landfill sites, longer to decompose
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Continued
Increased burning of fossil fuels - need (more lecy), greenhouse gases, global warming
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What are the government agencies trying to do ?
Monitor the environment and protect the environment as well as improve the environment by monitoring the Air and water pollution
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Monitoring the environment - how can we measure the levels of pollution ?
using indicators, look at the colour of the rivers, monitor the temperature, indicator species.
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What is an indicator species ?
These are ORGANISMS which can tell you HOW POLLUTED an area is by their POPULATION SIZE. Example LICHEN (PRONOUNCED LIKING)
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What is the population like if there is low pollution ?
There will be lots of Lichen.
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Air pollution - what type of lichen live where ?
BUSHY - HIGH oxygen, low sulfur dioxide, LEAFY - moderate oxygen and sulfphur dioxide, CRUSTY - low oxygen and high sulfur dioxide.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What do plant convert to food ?

Back

Sun light/ sun energy

Card 3

Front

What percentage of the energy is passed on to the next stage of the food chain ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why is energy lost at each stage ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why do farmers use this method ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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