Play is ambiguous, difficult to define and more difficult to capture than definitions suggest
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How does Howard define play? (2002)
Play means different things to different people in different contexts
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Outline Schiller's (1873) surplus energy theory
Animals and humans play when they have excess energy
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Outline Lazarus (1883) and Patrick's (1916) relaxation theory
When an individual is exhausted, they can use relaxing play activities to replenish their energy as a recovery from their work
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Outline Groos (1898) preparation theory
Play provides exercise and skill building opportunities for survival skills and to prepare children for their future life
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Outline Hall's (1906) recapitulation theory
Play recapitulates activities and history of the past generations, it mirrors the biological evolution of humans.
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Outline Freud's (1959) psychoanalytic perspective of play
Play is cathartic and can help children to release negative feelings caused by traumatic events and help to overcome a trauma
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Outline Piaget's (1983) cognitive perspective of play
Play is a vital part of building up a set of schemas to lead to development, it facilitates learning and helps to assimilate new material into existing schemas
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Outline Piaget's 3 types of play
Practice play (0-2), symbolic play (2-7), games with rules (7-11)
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Outline Vygotsky's (1978) sociocultural perspective of play
Play enhances children's development as it creates a ZPD as the child behaves beyond their age or position
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Outline Berlyne (1960), Ellis (1973) and Hutt (1981) arousal modulation theory
Stimuli in the environment are the key source of arousal and humans can adjust their levels and maintain their optimal level of central nervous system
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What are the 3 values of play according to Maynard and Thomas (2014)?
Developmental, educational and theraputic
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Who would argue that play is innate and is found in all other mammals?
Balcombe (2006)
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What are the three general cultural perspectives of play according to Gaskins, Haight and Lancy (2007)
Culturally curtailed play (tolerated), culturally accepted play (expected), culturally cultivated play (encouraged)
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What are the key features of play according to Hughes (2003)
Freedom of choice, personal enjoyment and focus on the activity rather than the outcome
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Outline Else's (2010) characteristics of play
Play is a process, freely chosen, personally directed, desire to play
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What are the 3 categories of play according to Hutt (1979)
Epistemic (intellectual), ludic (social and creative), games with rules
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What is the role of the adult in play according to Whitebread (2013)
Supportive environment, range of opportunities, participate
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Define scaffolding according to Bruner (1983)
A process of setting up the situation to make the child's entry successful and gradually reducing the help
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How does the EYFS expect play to be? (2017)
Planned, purposeful play with a mix of adult led and child initiated activity
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What are the characteristics of play in the EYFS
Playing and exploring, active learning and creating and thinking critically
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Explain article 31 of the UNCRC
Children have the right to relax and play and to join in a wide range of cultural, artistic and other recreational activities
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What cross-cultural factors impact the balance of play according to Smith (2010)
Time available, gender differences, social environment, adult involvement
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How does increasing urbanisation effect play according to Carver, Timperio and Crawford (2008)
Road safety and stranger danger causing restrictions from parents
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How does Howard define play? (2002)
Back
Play means different things to different people in different contexts
Card 3
Front
Outline Schiller's (1873) surplus energy theory
Back
Card 4
Front
Outline Lazarus (1883) and Patrick's (1916) relaxation theory
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