Disorders

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What is the incidence rate of schizophrenia? (%)
1%
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When is the onset of schizophrenia?
Late adolescence/ early adulthood
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What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Thought disorder, delusions, Hallucinations
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What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Anhedonia, Social Withdrawal, Apathy & Asociality
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What are the cognitive deficits caused by schizophrenia?
Poor attention, learning & memory, problem solving, abstract thinking and psychomotor speed
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What is the heritable incidence of schizophrenia?
50%
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What gene is associated with schizophrenia?
DISC1 Gene
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When DISC1 is present, incidence rates of schizophrenia rise to what %?
50%
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What is the diathesis stress model?
Genetic dispositions require an environmental trigger
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Children who later develop schizophrenia tend to be...
Socially withdrawn
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What are the minor physical abnormalities associated with schizophrenia?
webbed middle toes, high steeped palate or wide, narrow set eyes are all linked with increased incidence rates
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Loss of cortical grey matter is what in twins with SCH?
Greater
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What are the seasonal vulnerabilities of schizophrenia?
Born in late winter/early spring = greater susceptibility. Mothers more likely to contract viral infections in these months and Vitamin D is important for development.
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What is the main support for the DA Hypothesis?
Symptoms resemble those caused by amphetamine which is associated with increase DA release
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Side effects for anti psychotic drugs resemble?
Parkinson's disease
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What is the main counter argument for the DA hypothesis?
No evidence of increased metabolite HVA
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In light of the findings with regards to HVA, what does the DA hypothesis consider?
An increased number of DA receptors/ increased DA sensitivity in schizophrenic patients
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What brain areas are associated with the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia?
DA receptors in the Mesolimbic system (VTA to Amygdala)
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What is the location of the mesolimbic pathway?
ventral medial
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The Vesicles of schizophrenic patients tend to be...?
Enlarged ventricles (pos correlation between vesicle size and schizophrenia)
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What are the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia linked with?
Hyperfrontality (reduced activity in the dlPFC), reduced grey matter, low metabolic rate in the PFC
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How does Chlorpromazine assist in alleviating the POSITIVE and NEGATIVE symptoms of schizophrenia?
Partial agonists; reduces DA effects in mesolimbic system (pos effects) and facilitates them in PFC
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partial agonists...
have a high affinity for receptors but do not have as much of an effect as the endogenous neurotransmitter.
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If a close relative has a psychosis, the likelihood of developing a psychosis is what %?
37% / 10 times more likely
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What is the concordance rate for DP/ MDD in MZ and DZ twins?
70% MZ, 25% DZ.
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What genes have the strongest association with MDD?
RORA & GRM8
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RORAB gene is associated with what?
bipolar disorder in children.
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What does the monoamine hypothesis suggest?
Depression is caused by insufficient activity in the MA neurons (NE & 5-HT)
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What is the main criticism of the MA hypothesis?
Drugs take several weeks to work, no decrease in metabolites
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What brain areas are associated with MDD?
Amygdala, PFC & Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Treatment of MDD largely focuses on doing what to what brain areas?
Reducing ACC activity and increasing PFC activity
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In MDD it is believed that the Amygdala is what?
Overactive, more attuned to negative and threatening stimuli.
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How do MAO inhibitors work?
by decreasing the amount of enzyme Monoamine oxidase (increasing amount of availability of DA 5-HT and NE.
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How do Tricyclic antidepressants work?
Inhibit reuptake of DA, 5-HT and NE
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How does ECT work?
Decreases brain activity
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TMS is particularly useful when applied to what brain area?
PFC.
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Deep brain stimulation is useful when applied to...?
ANC
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How does DBS work?
An electrode is placed below the ACC and stimulates DA release in the NAc
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How do Lithium treatments for BPD work?
Increase 5-HT receptor sensitivity, also increases grey matter, supporting neural growth
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What are the neurological underpinnings of OCD?
Increased activity in the Frontal lobes, PFC & cingulate gyrus, infections to the basal ganglia and brain injury to basal ganglia & PFC.
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A decrease in symptoms in OCD is correlated with a decrease in symptoms in what brain area?
Caudate nucleus & PFC.
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How can cingulotomy be used to treat OCD?
by destroying fibre bundles in the PFC and cingulate cortices that link to the limbic system, and also in the basal ganglia and PFC
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What drugs can be used to treat OCD?
SSRI's
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How much more likely are women than men to suffer with anxiety disorder?
twice as likely
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what is the incidence of anxiety disorders (%)?
3-5%
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What is the incidence of GAD?
3%
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Panic attacks in those with a history of panic disorders can be induced by what?
any treatments that activate the autonomic nervous system.
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What gene is associated with anxiety disorders?
BNDF protein/ BNDF Gene Allele
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Anxiety disorders are mainly linked with increased activity in what brain area?
The Amygdala
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Why can benzodiazepines not be used in the long term to treat anxiety?
addictive and would induce tolerance.
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When is the onset of schizophrenia?

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Late adolescence/ early adulthood

Card 3

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What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

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Card 4

Front

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

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Card 5

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What are the cognitive deficits caused by schizophrenia?

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