Discovering, topic 5: Memory

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  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 18-05-17 11:34
What is encoding?
When we actively take in information into our memory system
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What is storage?
When we maintain information in our memory system
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What is retrieval?
When we recover information stored in our memory system
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What is sensory memory?
Very brief, unprocessed storage of sensory information brought in by the senses. It is presented for less than a second and is automatically processed
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Do we analysis/are we aware of sensory memory?
no
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What is iconic sensory memory?
Memory we see, visual modality
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What is echoic sensory memory?
Memory we hear, auditory modality. Temporary storage for sounds that have just been perceived, about 4 seconds in duration.
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What information is contained in the sensory memory?
Information that represents the original stimulus fairly accurately and it contains all or most of the information that has just been perceived
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Who did a study on iconic sensory memory?
Sperling (1960)
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What was Sperling (1960) iconic sensory memory study?
He showed people letters which faded fast. Despite not being able to see them they managed to recall a few letters. Shows there is memory even for briefly presented information and that information is encoded without awarenesss.
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What is echoic sensory memory necessary for?
Speech, we cannot identify the word until we have heard all the sounds.
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What is the capacity of short term memory and who found this out?
Between 5-9 items depending on the person, average is 7. Miller (1956)
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Who did a short term - long term memory model?
Atkinson + Shiffrin (1968) model.
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What was Atkinson + shiffrin (1968) memory model?
sensory memory goes into short term memory when the more this memory is rehearsed the more likely it is that it will be transferred into long term memory. Once it is long term memory it does not need to be rehearsed and can be recalled when needed
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Who looked at the serial position curve?
Glanzer + Cunitz (1966)
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What is the serial position curve (Glanzer + Cunitz (1966)
That if you are presented with a string of numbers, you are more likely to recall the first few numbers (Primacy effect) and the last few (recency effect)
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Where is the information from the recency affect stored?
Short term memory
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Where is the information from the primacy effect stored?
Long term memory
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What is long-term recency effect?
The recency effect for information retrieved from LTM not STM
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Do people think LTM or STM is separate stores of more of a line?
no one knows, there is a debate
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What is working memory?
It is the maintenance and processing/manipulation of information
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Who came up with the multimodal model?
Baddeley + Hitch (1974)
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What does the multimodel memory (Baddeley + Hitch (1974) consist of?
Specialised Storage Buffers (Visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop) and the supervisory system (central executive)
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What is the phonological loop?
The retention of verbal, acoustic and phonological information .
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What is some evidence for the phonological loop provided by Baddeley (1966)
The phonological similarity effect. Found phonologically similar items are harder to recall than dissimilar items. Phonologically similar items are harder to discriminate from each other so get confused.
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What is some evidence for the phonological loop provided by Baddeley et al. (1975)
The word length effect. Longer words are harder to recall than short words. This is because long words take more time to articulate so there is less opportunity for rehearsal.
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What is some evidence for the phonological loop provided by Salame and Baddeley (1982)
The irrelevant speech effect. It is harder to recall items in the presence of irrelevant speech than no irrelevant speech because irrelevant speech interferes with items held within the phonological store.
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What is some evidence for the phonological loop provided by Baddeley et al (1984)
The effect of articulatory suppression. It is harder to recall items when repeatedly articulating unrelated information than during silence. Articulatory suppression interferes with recoding and rehearsal in the loop.
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What is a characteristic of the phonological loop?
It relys on a phonological acoustic code (as opposed to a semantic code)
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What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
It is the retention of visual and spatial information.
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What is some evidence for the Visuospatial sketchpad by Shepard + Metzler (1971)
Mental rotation task. People took longer to decide if the shapes were the same or not when they were rotated more. Because it took longer for them to rotate the image in their head.
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What is some evidence for the Visuospatial sketchpad by Milner (1971)
Corsi block task. Retention of visual and spatial information. Participants hare to reproduce the same sequence as the experimenter by tapping the blocks in the correct order.
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What is the central executive?
It regulates and supervises the storage buffers. It allocates mental resources between different aspects of the task but has no storage on its own.
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What is the challenge for the multimodal model? (LTM)
What is the role of long-term memory. Working memory for words vs non-words. Working memory for known objects vs unknown objects
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What is working memory?
Short term memory
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What is the challenge for the multimodal model (rigidity)
The storage buffers are very rigid. How are verbal items stored when the phonological loop is unavailable? How are complex images stored? Why does cross-modal interference (e.g visual similarity effects found in verbal STM) occur?
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What did Baddeley change about the multimodal model in 2000?
He introduced an episodic buffer.
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What is the episodic buffer?
It binds informaiton from the other storage buffers and interfces with long term memory to maintain multi-dimensional representations.
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What is the capacity of the working memory (short term memory)?
The maximum amount of information one can accurately retrieve from working memory
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What can working memory capacity do?
Predict many other aspects of cognition
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What is long term memory?
The retention of information that is no longer active in STM/WM. Unlimited capacity, permanent duration, forgetting occurs due to interference.
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What are the two types of long term memory?
Declarative/explicit and non-declaration/implicit
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What is declarative/explicit memory?
Memory for information we were aware of learning
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What is non-declarative/implicit memory?
Memory that we are unaware of
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What are the two types of declarative/explicit memory?
Episodic memory and semantic memory
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What is episodic memory?
Things which have happened to us, Memory for (autobiographical) events of "episodes"
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What is semantic memory?
Memory for factual things, world knowledge, things you have learned.
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What are the three types of non-declarative/ implicit memory?
Conditioning, Priming, Procedural memory
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What is conditioning memory?
Operant/classical memory we have been conditioned to
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What is priming memory?
Exposure to a stimulus affects your future response
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What is procedural memory?
Skill learning, like riding a bike
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What is recall retrieval ?
when you try and recall as much as you can
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What is recognition retrieval?
When you see if you recognise something
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What is cured recall?
When you try and recall something and are given a cue (for example words begining with U)
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What are the two types of rehearsal?
Maintenance and eleborative rehearsal.
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What is maintenance rehearsal?
When you repeat verbal information
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What is elaborative rehearsal?
When you form associations, attending to meaning, relating to other known information.
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What type of rehearsal is more likely to go into long term memory?
Elaborative rehearsal
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Who looked at the levels of processing?
Craik and Tulving (1975)
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What types of processing are there?
Shallow and deep processing
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What types of shallow processing are they?
Orthographic and Phonemic
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What is orthographic shallow processing?
It's to do with how the word looks
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What is phonemic shallow processing?
Its to do with how to word sounds, does it rhyme?
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What are the two types of deep processing?
category and sentence
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What is category deep processing?
when you see if something is in a category or not
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What is sentence deep processing?
When you see if something fits in a sentence or not
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What a mnemonic aids?
Active techniques or strategies to improve memory performance
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What is the method loci?
When items are mentally associated with specific physical locations
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What are narratives?
When items are linked together by a story
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What are retrieval cues?
triggers that help us access the memory, the more specific the better
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What is an issue with cues?
cue overload impairs retrieval from long term memory
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What did Bartlett (1932) say about memory?
That we remember a few striking details of an experience and then reconstruct the missing portions in accordance with one's own expectations of knowledge,
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Who looked at false memory? (eye witness)
Loftus & Palmer (1974)
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What did Loftus & Palmer (1974) say about false memory?
They did study where Ps watched a traffic safety film when asked if they saw glass when the cars smashed they said there was glass and more of it compared to if they they used the verb contacted
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What are the two types of interference?
Retroactive and proactive interference
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What is retroactive interference?
Information we have learned more recently interferes with things we saw in the past
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What is proactive interference?
Information we learned previous to the event interferes with our relocation with the event.
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Who studied retrieval of memory in different locations?
Godden and Baddeley (1975)
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What did Godden and Baddeley (1975) find out about long term memory?
That if you learn something you are then better at retrieving it in the same location you learnt it as opposed to a different location.
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What part of the brain is important for memory?
The prefrontal cortex (PFC)
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What part of the prefrontal cortex is important for retrieving memory?
The right frontal cortex
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What part of the prefrontal cortex is important for encoding memory?
The left frontal cortex?
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What is the hippocampus important for in memory?
The structure of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) is important for long term memory and consolidation and spatial navigation.
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What is the long-term potentiation ?
repeated stimulation strengthens the synaptic connection between neurons
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What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to form new memories since the brain damage.
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What is retrograde amnesia?
The inability to retrieve memories from before the brain injury
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What is the famous case about a person with anterograde amnesia?
The case of H.M by Milner (1970)
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What is the case of H.M by Milner (1970)
A person called H.M had epilepsy but treatment wasn't working. They did an operation and cut out his medial temporal lobes which cured his epilepsy but gave him anterograde amnesia. He still had short term memory and intact verbal ability.
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What does the case of H.M by Milner (1970) tell us?
That long term memory is in the median temporal lobes
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Card 4

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Card 5

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Do we analysis/are we aware of sensory memory?

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