Discovering. Topic 14: Consciousness and sleep

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  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 22-05-17 12:45
Is consciousness subjective?
Yes it is
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Is consciousness hard to study?
Yes it is because it is not easy to access
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What is consciousness?
You can't define it. But it represents the awareness of our mental state (thoughts, memory e.t.c) and can be verbally reported or internally accessible
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What are the four things related to consciousness?
Body awareness, agency, self awareness, metacognition
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What is body awareness?
When you're aware of your different body parts
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What is agency?
When you have the ability to perform certain actions
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What is self-awareness?
When you can recognise your own self
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What is metacognition?
When you are aware of your own thoughts
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What does MSR stand for (relating to self awareness)?
Mirror self recognition test
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There are three philosophical approaches towards consciousness what is one of them?
It is not a natural phenomenon. It is Supernatural and miraculous
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There are three philosophical approaches towards consciousness what is one of them?
It is a natural phenomenon, it can be measured and we cannot understand it
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There are three philosophical approaches towards consciousness what is one of them?
Consciousness is a product of brain activity
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What did Pavlov and Skinner think about consciousness?
It is not part of the scientific approach in psychology, we cannot submit
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What does Epiphenomenal mean?
The idea that consciousness is a side effect of what we do
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Who believes in epiphenomenal (consciousness is the side effect of what we do)?
Pavlov, Skinner
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In the 1990s who looked at the study of consciousness?
Dennett (1991), Crick (1994), Pinker (1997), Grey (1998)
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How were Dennett, Crick, Pinker and Gray helped by looking at the science of consciousness?
By using neuroscientific approaches
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What is neural correlates?
An activity that corresponds with and it's necessary to produce a particular experience
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Do we know what the neural correlates of consciousness are?
No we do not and this presents a problem
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Do we know the contents/functions/abilities of consciousness?
No and this is a problem
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Do we know why we experience consciousness in the first place?
No and this is a problem
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Do we know how and why we experience consciousness?
No and this is a problem
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What is the neurobiological theory of consciousness?
Consciousness is because of neural brain activity, we study which areas / elements of the brain causes this and investigate it using neuroscience techniques
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What is the cognitive theory of consciousness?
It recognises that consciousness is because of brain activities **** describes how it occurs in mental, cognitive terms
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What can patients with anterograde amnesia do?
Learn new tasks but they are not aware that they have learnt anything
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What can patients with visual agnosia do?
They can't recognise objects but they can see and draw the object
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What can patients with blindsight do?
They are not aware of what they see but they can detect some things about an object
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What causes blindsight?
Damage to the primary visual Cortex V1
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What is a split brain?
When the corpus callosum is cut
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What is the corpus callosum?
The major fibre tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
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What was the split brain therapy usually used for?
The Cure epilepsy when medication wasn't working
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Why does split brain surgery help with epilepsy?
Because a seizure can spread from one side of the brain to another
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What causes epilepsy?
The coordinated firings of Neurons causing an electrical surge which spreads
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What does the left hemisphere mainly controll?
Your right hand, language, grammar/speech, writing
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What does the right hemisphere mainly control?
Your left hand, perception of space, imagination, body control and awareness
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Who looked at split brain surgery?
Rodger Sperry
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What did Rodger Sperry show about the corpus callosum?
That the hemispheres exchange information using it and this allows activities to be coordinated as each side knows what the other is doing
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Do the left and right side of the brain operate independently during tasks?
Only on some tasks
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Is alien hand (a side effect of split brain surgery)?
The left-hand (controlled by the right hemisphere) seems to have a mind of it's own
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What is intermanual conflict (a side effect of split brain surgery)?
When there is contradictory activity of two hands (one hand and buttons a shirt the other one buttons it up)
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What are there are philosophers historically interested in?
Two relatively independent personalities / brains / cognitive decision makers in one body
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If there are two relatively independent personalities / brains/ cognitive decision makers in one body what would be a side effect of the brain surgery?
The two sides would not be able to communicate or transfer thoughts between them
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What hemisphere controls speech?
Left
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Where does the left visual field project to?
The right Hemisphere
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Can a split brain patient name items in the left visual field?
No
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Can a split brain patient read words in the left visual field?
no
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Can a split brain patient make an object in their left hand?
No
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What have some people suggested consciousness depends on?
The ability of speech mechanisms in the left hemisphere to receive information from other regions
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Why have some people suggested that split brain patients have issues?
Because the right hemisphere cannot communicate as it is unable to generate speech
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What is baars cognitive Theory on consciousness called?
Global Workspace Theory
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What is Dennett cognitive Theory on consciousness called?
The multiple drafts Theory
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What is Shannon's theory on consciousness called?
Shannon's Theory
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According to Baars global Workspace Theory where is consciousness contained?
In a central processor called the global workspace
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According to Baars global Workspace Theory what is the global Workspace for?
It mediates the activity of the non conscious process (like hearing/memory and sight)
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What is an issue with Baars global Workspace Theory?
It does not explain why the information in the Global Workspace is consciously experienced
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According to Dennett multiple drafts theory what are drafts?
A revised collections of sensory information
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According to dennett's multiple drafts theory what is consciousness?
The activations of drafts
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According to dennett's multiple drafts theory is consciousness an updating and constantly revising process?
Yes
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According to dennett's multiple drafts theory where does consciousness come from?
Multiple draughts of sensory information assembled at a particular point in time
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What are the three main components that contribute to consciousness according to Shanon's Theory?
Sensed being, mental awareness, reflection
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What is sensed being one of the three main components that contribute to consciousness according to Shanon's theory?
The distinguishment between living and dead
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What is Mental Awareness one of the three main components that contribute to consciousness according to Shanon's theory?
We are aware of the contents of our thoughts
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What is reflection one of the three main components that contribute to consciousness according to Shanon's theory?
The awareness of our mental workings or computations
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What are the two types of reflection according to Shanon's theory?
Meta observation, monitoring
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What is meta-observation one of the two types of reflection according to Shanon's theory?
The knowledge of the content of mental States
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What is monitoring one of the two types of reflection according to Shanon's theory?
The ability to evaluate our thoughts
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According to Shanon's theory what is the core of consciousness?
Mental awareness
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Are we consciously aware of all the stimuli in our environment?
No we are not aware
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What is selective attention?
It controls our awareness of particular events in our environment
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Is selective attention controlled automatically?
Yes
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Why do attention mechanisms filter out irrelevant information?
In order to make ask more responses to particular stimuli
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Does attention play an important role in memory?
Yes
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How does attention control short term memory?
It determines what information reaches short-term memory
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How does Attention control long term memory?
It determines what information is stored in long term memory
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Is all the unattended information lost?
No not all of it is lost
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What does implicit memory store?
Information that does not need conscious attention
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Why do we have selective attention?
Conscious processing has a limited capacity so we need a gatekeeper
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Who came up with the dichotic listening task?
Cherry (1953)
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What does Cherry's (1953) dichotic listening task do?
Investigates and tests selective attention
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What is Cherry's (1953) dichotic listening task?
The participant is played two different messages in each ear, they have to say one of the messages out loud (this message is the shadow message)
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What were the results of Cherry's (1953) dichotic listening task?
The participants could not remember the message they did not say out loud
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Is shadowing (repeating a message you had at the same time as a different one is played) easier if the speakers are of a different gender?
Yes
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Is shadowing (repeating a message you heard at the same time a different one is played) easier one of the messages is speech and the other non-speech?
Yes
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Can unattended information break into consciousness?
Yes
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What does the dichotic listening task tell us?
Information must be filtered out after at least some verbal analysis or it would not be possible
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Is everybody equally good at hearing their name?
No some people are good and some people are bad
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Who said that a good working memory makes it easier to ignore the distraction of your name?
Conway et al, (2001)
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What makes it easier to ignore the distraction of your name?
A good working memory
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What does selective attention tell us about the danger of mobile phone use in cars?
That it is not the physical demands but the engagement of conversation which causes you to lose focus
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When were the early selection models of selective attention thought of?
1950s and 1960s
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What doe the early selection models say about the information you pay attention to?
Information that is not attended to is not selected for perceptual analysis so pays no further part
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Who are the two people who look that early selection models?
Broadbent and treisman
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What is the name of Broadbent early selection model theory?
Filter theory of attention
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What is the name of Treisman's early selection model theory?
Attenuation model of attention
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What does Broadbent's Filter theory of attention say?
You pay attention to all of the information or none of it
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What does Treisman's Attenuation model say?
Information you don't pay attention to gets through in a weakened form
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How is broadbent's filter theory of attention disapproved?
By the dichotic listening task which shows that the other channel is not fully blocked
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Who looked at selective attention for visual stimuli?
Posner et al (1980)
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What test did Posner et al(1980) do related to selective attention for visual stimuli?
Developed a cueing paradigm in which participants were required to press a button as soon as they detected a letter
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What were the results from Posner et al (1980) selective attention for visual stimuli test?
Participants had a faster reaction time when they were cued about the letters. This shows selective attention helps detect stimuli more quickly.
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What are single capacity models?
When you have one pool of resources, the more tasks the less effective each task is carried out
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Resources are normally allocated to...?
The most important task
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What type of research supports the single capacity model theory?
The dual-task methodology
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How does the dual-task methodology support the single capacity model theory?
Because performance declines when someone does two tasks at once, indicating a person cannot do more than one thing well
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What is the fault with dual-task methodology?
Sometimes performing two tasks not result in worse performance
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What is multiple resource Theory?
When we have several resource pools and can decide our tension between tasks successfully unless they need to use the same resource
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What is an issue with multiple resource Theory?
Operationally defining a resource and the tasks that would use it
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What side of the brain uses focal attention (local details)?
The left Hemisphere
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What side of the brain uses global attention (whole scene)?
The right Hemisphere
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What part of the brain is responsible for sustained attention?
right fronto-parietal regions
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What part of the brain is responsible for divided attention?
Prefrontal cortex
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What is selective attention (more in the back of the brain(?
Is one sensory modality is attended to then others are suppressed
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Who started hypnosis?
Franz Anton Mesmer 1734- 1815
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What is an essential feature of hypnosis?
The participant knows they are going to be hypnotised
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How do you induce hypnosis?
By suggesting they sleep or relax
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He suggested that hypnosis can help in stress and pain relief?
Barber (1998)
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According to Miller et al. (1973) what causes the effects of hypnosis?
The effect is not due to changes in Perception but in verbal report (and consciousness)
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Who did a study on the ponzo illusion relating to hypnosis?
Miller et al. (1973)
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What is the ponzo illusion?
That human minds judges an object size based on its background
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What was Miller et al (1973) Ponzo illusion study?
Participants were presented with a picture using hypnosis they were asked not to see the two vertical lines
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What were the results and meaning of these results from the Miller et al (1973) Ponzo illusion study?
Participants still reported one line being longer than the other showing they still processed the vertical lines at some level
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What are the two theories of hypnosis?
The neo-dissociation theory and the non-state hypothesis
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What is the Neo-dissociation theory of hypnosis?
That multiple systems of control are not all conscious at the same time and you give up control to the experimenter/hynotist
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According to the non-state hypothesis what are the 9 normal psychological processes which explain the results of hypnosis?
Imagination, relaxation, role enactment, compliance, conformity, attention, attitudes, expectations, social role
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According to the non-state hypothesis does the person being hypnotised cooperate with the hypnotist?
Yes they do
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Can you explain the non state hypothesis using current psychological knowledge ?
Yes
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How long do we spend sleeping?
One third of our lives
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Do we know why we sleep?
Not completely
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Is sleep a state of altered consciousness?
Yes
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How many kinds of sleep / altered consciousness are there?
Two
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What are the two types of sleep?
REM and non-REM sleep
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How many stages are there in non-REM sleep?
4
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When you are awake what is your EEG activity for alert?
Beta Activity (15-30Hz)
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When you are awake what is your EEG activity for relaxed?
Alpha activity (8-12Hz)
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What is EEG?
It stands for electroencephalogram and is a test to measure electrical activity in the brain
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When you are in stage 1 of sleep is your EEG activity?
Theta activity (3.5-7.5Hz)
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What does EMG stand for?
It stands for electromyography, it records electrical activity produced by muscles
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What does EOG stand for?
It stands for Electrooculography, it measures eye movement
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When you are in stage 1 of sleep what does the EMG show?
That the muscles are still active
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When you are in stage 1 of sleep what does the EOG show?
Gentle eye movements
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If you are in stage 1 of sleep what does this mean?
You are transitioning from being awake to sleep
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When you are in stage 1 of sleep what characteristics do you display?
Eyes opening and closing, person falls asleep
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When you are in stage 2 of sleep what does your EEG activity show?
Small spikes
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When you are in stage 2 sleep what characteristics are there?
You start to sleep deeper
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When you are in stage 3 of sleep what does your EEG activity show?
Delta activity (< 3.5Hz)
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When you are in stage 3 sleep what type of sleep are you in?
Slow wave sleep
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What are the characteristics of stage 3 sleep?
Deeper sleep than the last stage, less responsive to stimuli
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When you are in stage 4 of sleep what does your EEG activity show?
Continuous delta wave
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What type of sleep is stage 4 sleep
Slow wave sleep
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What are the characteristics of stage 4 sleep?
Very deep sleep
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When do you reach stage 4 sleep?
Within 1 hour of going to sleep
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When you are in REM sleep what does your EEG activity show?
Shifts between stages 3,2 and 1, So rapid EEG
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When you are in REM sleep what does your EOG activity show?
Rapid eye movement
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When you are in REM sleep what does your EMG activity show?
Relax muscles with the occasional twitching
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What is the heartbeat like in REM sleep?
Irregular
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What is the breathing like in REM sleep?
Shallow breathing
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During which sleep do you dream?
REM sleep
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During what sleep do you have genital activity (penile erection/vaginal secretion)?
REM sleep
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Who looks into evening and morning types of people to do with creative thinking?
Gaimpietro and Cavallera (2007)
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What was the test which Gaimpietro and Cavallera (2007) did called?
The Torrance test of creative thinking
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What did Gaimpietro and Cavallera (2007) do during the Torrance test of creative thinking?
They were given a shape and told to draw a picture with it, then given 10 straight lines and curves and told to make a complete shape
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What were the results of Gaimpietro and Cavallera (2007)'s Torrance test of creative thinking study?
Owls scored higher than Larks showing they were more creative
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Who said that a preference for being a morning or evening person is heritable?
Hur (2007)
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Who linked high IQ to more nocturnal activity in early adolesce
Kanazawa and Perina (2009)
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What evidence is there that sleep is important?
It would have been eliminated via natural selection in some species, and all mammals and birds sleep.
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What type of studies look into the functions of sleep?
Deprivation studies
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Have Sleep deprivation studies have shown little evidence that sleep is vital for physical functioning?
Yes
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What have sleep deprivation shown that sleep is important for?
The brain and memory consolidation
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Does a lack of sleep make you more or less sociable?
less
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Does a lack of sleep make you less or more optimistic?
less
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A lack of sleep impairs your performance on tasks requiring high level of cortical functioning?
A lack of sleep does impair your performance
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Does a lack of sleep make you more vigilant, alert and better at paying attention?
no
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Does a lack of sleep mean that you have poor free recall of verbal material?
Yes
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Does a lack of sleep impair your memory?
Yes
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What part of your brain does a lack of sleep reduce activation?
Parietal lobe, thalamus, frontal cortex
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When you catch up with sleep where is there greater activation?
frontal-parietal area
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Does sleep help to consolidate new learning?
Yes
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Is memory better after sleep?
Yes
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Motor skills are better after what stage of sleep?
Stage 2
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Memory for visual discrimination tasks are better after what stage of sleep?
Slow wave (stage 3+4) and REM sleep
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What type of sleep is good for remembering word pairs?
Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and 4)
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What part of the brain is active in slow wave sleep after learning a new route?
Hippocampus
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What type of sleep is important for emotional memory and non-declarative memory (memories that are not facts)?
REM sleep
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When does REM sleep begin?
30 weeks gestation (when inside the womb)
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What percentage of newborns' sleep is REM?
70%
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What percentage of a 6 month old's sleep is REM?
30%
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What percent of an Adults' sleep is REM?
15%
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How many biological clocks do we have which play a role in sleep?
Two
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What do the biological clocks do?
One controls circadian rhythm, one controls cycles of sleep
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How many times do the circadian rhythms oscillate?
Once a day
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How many times does the biological clock which controls cycles of slow wave and REM sleep oscillate?
Every 90 minutes
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What controls our circadian rhythms?
The hypothalamus
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What does our circadian rhythm affect?
Energy levels, mood and efficiently during the day
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Do outside Cues effect our circadian rhythm?
Yes
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What does BRAC stand for? (to do with sleep)
Basic rest-activity cycle
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What controls REM and slow wave sleep?
The basic rest-activity cycle
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Where is the basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC) located?
The pons (part of the brainstem)
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Apart from the BRAC what does the pons (part of the brainstem) contain?
Neural circuits responsible for REM sleep
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What do neurones release that begins REM sleep?
Accetylcholine
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Why does acetylcholine activate the cerebral cortex?
For dreaming
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Why does acetylcholine activate the area of the midbrain?
For REM sleep
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Why does acetylcholine activate inhibitory neurons?
To paralyse you so you do not active dreams
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What area seems to play a role in slow-wave sleep?
The preoptic area
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Why do we think the preoptic area plays a part in slow-wave sleep?
If it is destroyed and animal sleeps less and if it is stimulated an animal becomes drowsy and falls asleep
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What is insomnia?
The inability to start or maintain sleep over at least 3 nights
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What is sleep apnoena?
The inability to breathe and sleep at the same time
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What is cataplexy?
When you are struck by paralysis but are conscious, you suffer REM sleep as soon as you fall asleep
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What is sleepwalking?
It occurs in stage 4, you are difficult to wake, disoriented walking,but not acting out a narrative, it is heritable
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During what stage does Sleep-walking occur?
Stage 4
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What is sleep talking?
Can occur with REM dream but usually other stages, suggestible can sometimes converse with the sleeping person
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During what stage does sleep-talking occur?
Can occur in REM but usually other stages
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What are night terrors?
A person wakes screaming in terror, not the same as nightmares. No treatment, stage 4 sleep
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During what stage do night terrors occur?
Stage 4
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What is Enuresis?
Bed-wetting, stage 4 effect, most children grow out of it
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During what stage does Enuresis occur?
Stage 4
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