Dimensions of Personality

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Complexity of Personality
- the quality of being person - differentiating personality from intellectual abilities, emotions and moods - long, lasting, broad relevance & implications, generalised patterns pf psychological functioning
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Individuals differences are:
1. psychological in nature 2. fall outside of the intellectual domain 3. enduring dispositions 4. for relatively broad/generalised patterns 5. dynamics behind these characteristics
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Funder (1977)
“An individuals characteristic pattern of thought, emotion, and behaviour, together with the psychological mechanisms, hidden or not, behind those patterns.”
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What is temperament
aspects of psychological individuality that are present at birth or early in child development
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Allport
“the characteristic phenomena of an individual’s emotional nature, as dependent on constitutional makeup and therefore largely hereditary in origin”.
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Character
- personal attributes that are relevant to moral conduct, self-mastery, will-power and integrity - socialisation experiences - "poor" character - low scores on character dimensions linked to personality disorders
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Personality traits
- primary unit of personality description - characteristic form of thinking, behaviour of feeling - enduring; disposition - pattern on behaviour on which people vary - hierarchy of traits
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Factor Analysis
- simplifying the trait universe - nomothetic approach to personality - identifying latent structure of personality -
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Raymod Cattell (1965)
- characteristics that can be used to predict how people will behave in a given situation
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16 or 5 PF
1. extraversion 2. independence 3. tough-mindedness 4. self-control 5. anxiety
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16 PF advantages
- development a personality test (16PF): extensively used - 5th version (1993); 185 multiple choice items - breadth and depth - occupational domain - "paved the way"
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Disadvantages
- extensive revisions - utility of 16 factors limited - difficulty in replicating the factors - correlations between the sixteen factors suggests further underlying constructs
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Eysenck's Theory
- believed in biological determination to personality - factor analytic approach - hierarchal approach: supertraits -> habitual responses -> specific responses
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Eysenck - PEN - EPQ
- later addition of the 'psychoticism' trait - creativity - Personality Questionnaire
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Evidence and Support
- variability among E and N dimensions - cross cultural validity of the measure and theory - 'Junior EPQ' - suggested support for genetic basis for personality
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Disadvantages
- stability of traits over time - reliability of the P dimension - focus on differentiating the 'abnormal' (lack of relevance?) - social and environmental influences on personality development - is three factors enough?
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The Big Five - Costa & McCrae
- factor analysis of personality questionnaires has consistently revealed five underlying dimensions - data driven theory - - Fiske (1949): (1) Self-Expression, (2) Social Adaptability, (3), Conformity, (4), Emotional Control, (5) Inquiring intellec
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OCEAN
1. openness 2. conscientiousness 3. extraversion 4. agreeableness 5. neuroticism
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Advantages
- stability over time - cross cultural support - heritability of factors - widely used - consistency with Cattell 16 PF and Eysenck PEN - psychoticism, conscientiousness or agreeableness?
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Issues
- disagreement over specific nature and labels of factors - continuing search to disprove model - - NEO-PI-R vs. shorter measures (e.g., Mini IPIP; Donnellan et al., 2006).
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Six Factors - Hexaco Model (Ashton, 2000)
- Honesty-Humility (H); Emotionality (E) Extraversion (X), Agreeableness vs anger (A) Conscientiousness (C), Openness to Experience (O)
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Advantages of being:
- peaceful - cooperative - sociable - curious - hardworking
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Honesty-Humility & Reciprocal Altruism
- unselfish acts with no expectation for immediate return; but support if needed at a future date - benefit/cost - kin altruism
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LaBouff et al., (2012)
- - Humble students more likely to help a student in need more less humble students (even when controlling for agreeableness and SDB) - "dark triad traits" : psychopathy, machiavellianism, narcissm - variance in 3 factors sufficiently explained by H
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Concerns
- subejctivity of the factor analytic process - too many factors? - truly independent factors? - correlation between humility and agreeableness factors - why humility/honesty?
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criticisms of trait approach
- statistical approach - limited by ability to describe personalities linguistically - validity and interpretations measured
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cultural issues
- expression of personality traits may be different in different contexts and cultural environments - collectivist vs. individualist emphasis - lexical differences
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traits or types?
- traits exist on a continuous dimension - discontinuous or discrete differences: typological differences - predictive validity of 'types'
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Type A
- competitive - aggressive - ambitious & driven - active and energetic in actions and speaking - time urgent - fight or flight - predictor of CHD - more likely to survive a heart attack
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Type D
- focus on anger suppression and depression - distressed personality type - negative affectivity and social inhibition
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Card 2

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Individuals differences are:

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1. psychological in nature 2. fall outside of the intellectual domain 3. enduring dispositions 4. for relatively broad/generalised patterns 5. dynamics behind these characteristics

Card 3

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Funder (1977)

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Card 4

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What is temperament

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Card 5

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Allport

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