the observer’s attention is focused on a particular aspect of the environment (a place or object) as a result of observing another individual interact with that aspect of the environment
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e.g. of stimulus enhancement
I see you frequently go near the biscuit tin so I pay more attention to the biscuit tin
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observer conditioning
the observer learns the positive or negative properties of a stimulus by observing another individual’s responses to that stimulus
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e.g. of observer conditioning
I see you burn yourself on the iron so I realise that touching it has negative consequences
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affordance learning
the observer learns how objects work (the ‘affordances’ of the objects) by observing another individual interact with those objects
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e.g. of affordance learning
I notice you pressing your swipe card against the small rectangular panel to access the Addison House rooms, so I learn that I need to press my card there too
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emulation
the observer watches another individual’s actions and copies the outcome of those actions (not the actions themselves)
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e.g. of emulation
bobo doll studies
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object movement re-enactment
the observer watches another individual’s actions using an object, and copies the movement of the object but not necessarily the actions themselves
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e.g. of object re-encactment
I use chopsticks in one hand to pick up some rice; my daughter takes one chopstick in each hand and tries to perform the same movements with the chopsticks but using very different actions
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imitation
the observer watches another individual’s actions and produces the same configural body movements to copy the exact actions
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e.g. of imitation
I watch Wimbledon and copy Federer to help me improve my tennis serve
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individual learning
improvement through practice, receiving gradual feedback from the outcomes of one’s actions, but without watching another individual or receiving instructions from another individual
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e.g. of individual learning
improving my tennis serve through practice, not through observing someone else
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trial-and-error learning
learning by trying various options and seeing which works best, without watching another individual or receiving instructions from another individual
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e.g. of trial and error learning
trying out various routes to work until I find the one that’s least busy / least frequently disrupted – but if I use a transport planning app then this would become learning via communication
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innovation
coming up with a new way to solve a problem, without watching another individual or receiving instructions from another individual
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e.g. of innovation
any truly novel solution to a problem that isn't gained from discussion with another
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learning from teaching
learning that takes place as a result of a deliberate attempt by a ‘teacher’ to impart knowledge to a ‘learner’
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e.g. of learning from teaching
an adult carefully showing a child how to tie their shoelaces
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learning from signalling
learning (mostly in animals) where the behaviour of a ‘demonstrator’ is adapted to communicate information to an ‘observer’
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e.g. of learning from signalling
female mammals change their behaviour and colouration when they are in the sexually receptive stage of their cycle
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learning from communication
learning that is mediated by language or another form of symbolic communication
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e.g. of learning from communication
instructions, recipes, etc
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
e.g. of stimulus enhancement
Back
I see you frequently go near the biscuit tin so I pay more attention to the biscuit tin
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