Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia

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  • Created by: asusre
  • Created on: 26-04-21 10:23
What are the criteria for a dignosis of schizophrenia?
To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, patients must have at least two positive symptoms OR one positive and one negative symptom over a one-month period and some area of their life is below the level achieved before onset of symptoms (showing that they are
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What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are atypical behaviour experienced in addition to normal experiences.
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What are hallucinations?
Hallucinations are a positive symptom of schizophrenia. They are sensory experiences that either have no basis in reality or are distorted perceptions of things that are there.
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What are delusions?
Delusions, also known as paranoia, are a positive symptom which involves falsely held irrational beliefs that have no basis in reality.
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What is disorganised speech?
Disorganised speech involves incoherent speech, where the speaker changes topic mid-sentence. It involves ongoing, disjointed or rambling monologues in which a person seems to talking to themselves or imagined people/voices.
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What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are atypical experiences that represent the loss of a normal experience.
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What is speech poverty?
Speech poverty, also known as alogia, is a negative symptom which involves reduced frequency and quality of speech. The speaker may have delayed verbal responses during a conversation, thought to reflect slowing or blocked thoughts, which often manifests
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What is avolition?
Avolition is a negative symptom which involves the loss of motivation to carry out goal-directed tasks, which results in lowered activity levels. This can manifest in poor hygiene and grooming, lack of persistence in work/education and lack of energy.
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What is affective flattening?
Affective flattening is a negative symptom which invloves the reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression, including facial expression, voice tone, eye contact, and involves not being able to interpret body language nor use appropriate bo
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What is anhedonia?
Anhedonia is a negative symptom which involves the inability to experience pleasure. The person with schizophrenia may find nothing in life pleasurable. There is physical and social anhedonia.
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Is the diagnosis of schizophrenia reliable and how?
Diagnosis of schizophrenia is high in diagnostic reliability.
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What is diagnostic reliability?
Diagnostic reliability means that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is consistently applied by different clinicians (inter-rater reliability) and at different points in time (test-retest reliability).
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Which study found that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is reliable?
Osorio et al (2019) found high reliability of the diagnosis of schizophrenia in 180 individuals. Inter-rater reliability was +.97 and test-retest reliability was +.92.
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Which study found that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is not reliable?
Whaley (2001) found inter-rater reliability correlations in the diagnosis of schizophrenia as low as 0.11.
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Why are people incorrectly diagnosed?
Although the DSM attempts to make the diagnosis process objective, ultimately the clinician still makes the decision using subjective judgements, which can result in possible incorrect diagnosis.
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What are the consequences of incorrect diagnosis?
If someone without schizophrenia is misdiagnosed, they may be prescribed antipsychotics which they don’t need, which can have some negative side effects. If a schizophrenic person is misdiagnosed, they will not receive the treatment they need, which may l
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Is the diagnosis of schizophrenia high in validity?
The diagnosis of schizophrenia is low in criterion validity.
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What is criterion validity?
Criterion validity determines if different assessment systems arrive at the same diagnosis for the same patient. This can be established by comparing the ICD-10 criteria to the DSM-IV criteria.
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Which study found that the diagnosis of schizophrenia has low criterion validity?
Cheniaux et al (2009) assessed the same 100 clients using the CD-10 criteria and the DSM-IV criteria and found low criterion validity between the two measures.
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What is co-morbidity?
Co-morbidity is the occurrence of two disorders together.
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Which study found that schzophrenia frequently occurs with other disorders?
Buckley et al. (2009) found that half of the patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia also had a diagnosis of depression (50%) or substance abuse (47%).
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What is symptom overlap?
Symptom overlap occurs when two or more conditions share the same symptoms.
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Why are co-morbidity and symptom overlap a threat to the validity of the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together, it calls into question the validity of classifying the two disorders separately as they may be one single condition, or clinicians might not be able to tell the difference between the two conditions.
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What cultural differences are there in the interpretation of auditory hallucinations?
Hearing voices may be more acceptable in African cultures because of cultural beliefs around communicating with ancestors.
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How is the diagnosis of schizophrenia culturally biased?
In the UK, black people are more likely to be disgnosed with schizophrenia compared to white people, but diagnosis rates in Africa and the Caribbean are not particularly high. This suggests that the overdiagnosis of these groups of individuals is not due
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Which study found that black people are being discriminated against by a culturally-biased diagnostic system?
Escobar (2012) argued that predominantely white psychiatrists distrust the honesty of black people during diagnosis, which results in over-interpreting symptoms and over-diagnosis of black people.
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How does the misdiagnosis of schizophrenia negatively affect someone?
Misdiagnosis have a negative impact on an individual for employment as they are labelled ‘schizophrenic’ for life. Individuals may also be given drug treatment unnecessarily which often have unpleasant side effects.
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How is the diagnosis of schizophrenia gender biased?
Since the 1980s, men have been diagnosed with schizophrenia more often than women. Though it is possible that men may be more genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia than women, it is likely that this difference in diagnosis is due to gender bias.
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Which study argues that women are underdiagnosed due to being higher functioning?
Cotton et al (2009) argues that women are underdiagnosed because they have closer relationships and hence get support, which leads to women with schizophrenia often functioning better than men. This means women may therefore not be receiving treatment the
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What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are atypical behaviour experienced in addition to normal experiences.

Card 3

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What are hallucinations?

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Card 4

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What are delusions?

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Card 5

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What is disorganised speech?

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