Hormone secreted by alpha cells. It targets hepatocytes and causes: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, use of fatty acids in respiration. Has a GPCR and its second messenger is adenylyl cyclase
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Insulin
Hormone secreted by beta cells. It targets hepatocytes, muscle cells and brain cells to cause: more glucose channels in cell membranes, glycogenesis, glucose use in respiration, more glucose converted to fats. Has a tyrosine kinase receptor
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C peptide
Formed from preproinsulin alongside insulin
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GLPI
Glucagon-like peptide 1: part of prohormones called incretins, produced from the same gene as glucagon, promotes insulin and insulin action
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Type I
Diabetes as a result of an autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. There is a complete lack of insulin
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Type II
Diabetes as a result of insulin resistance, beta cell failure or not enough insulin produced. Strongly associated with obesity and onset usually occurs after 40 yrs of age
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Oral glucose tolerance test
A short-term diagnosis of diabetes - measures the blood sugar level on an empty stomach and then again 1 hour after drinking a glass of lucozade
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HbA1C
A long-term diagnosis of diabetes - haemoglobin can bind to glucose in the blood, so the more glucose present in blood the more likely bound to Hb. RBCs have a lifespan of 8-12 weeks, so its a measure of blood sugar levels across 3 months
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Ketoacidosis
A build up of ketone bodies in the bloodstream can lower pH, leading to coma or death. Mainly affects type I diabetics
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Retinopathy
Microvascular complication of diabetes: bursting of blood vessels towards eye; main cause of blindness
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Nephropathy
Microvascular complication of diabetes: impairs filtration of blood in the kidneys; may result in renal failure in the long-term
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Neuropathy
Microvascular complication of diabetes: degenerative disorders of the peripheral nerve; can lead to loss of sensation in feet and legs, erectile dysfunction, bladder dysfunction
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Hypertension
Macrovascular complication of diabetes, as well as lipid disorders (high LDL and low HDL), cardiovascular disease and stroke
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Metformin
Insulin sensitiser drug which blocks gluconeogenesis by the liver and increases glucose uptake. Cannot cause hypoglycaemia
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Sulphonylureas
A drug which stimulates insulin release from beta cells, has a quick onset of action. But risk of hypoglycaemia and weight gain. Example: Glicalazide
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Incretins
A drug which stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from beta cells and reduced glucagon secretion from alpha cells. No risk of hypoglycaemia. Example: GLP1
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Thiazolidinedione
Drugs which reduce insulin resistance by activating transcription factor PPAR that controls genes which acts on insulin resistance. Can cause fluid retention and warning of bladder cancer
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SGLT2 inhibitors
Inhibitor drugs which prevent the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys, and it is secreted in the urine instead. Increase risk of urine infection but no hypoglycaemia
Hormone secreted by alpha cells. It targets hepatocytes and causes: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, use of fatty acids in respiration. Has a GPCR and its second messenger is adenylyl cyclase
Back
Card 4
Front
Hormone secreted by beta cells. It targets hepatocytes, muscle cells and brain cells to cause: more glucose channels in cell membranes, glycogenesis, glucose use in respiration, more glucose converted to fats. Has a tyrosine kinase receptor
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