developmental psychology

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the causes of forgetting
information lost: information traces are not strong or deteriorated. Information are inaccessible: lack of retrieval cues or interference. information may be inhibited. Brain damage at hippocampus or medial temporal lobe(MTL)
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processes involved in “storing” declarative memories in the brain
two-stage learning. Firstly, the hippocampus bind initial episodic information together quickly and create higher-level representations which is a vulnerable connection. Then, representations were stored in neocortex and integrated with 已存知识.
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the adaptive nature of forgetting: the effect of learning on forgetting (retrieval-induced forgetting)
retrievals can modify memories. repeated retrieval strengthens a memory trace (i.e., this is an adaptive mechanism) but also makes related, unretrieved information less accessible. the main reason is competition between information when retrieving.
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the role of integration in learning and forgetting
protect against the forgetting and retrieval-induced forgetting. why? because complex structure make concepts connected with each other by links. The presence of links between concepts produces activation rather than competition
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Mechanisms of consolidation
two-stage consolidation. hippocampus--neocortex long term memory
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Effects of retrieval practice (costs and benefits)
benefits: strengthen information retrieved. costs: inhibit other information unretrieved
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Boundary conditions for RIF
1. in the same category, things less typical have less competition so suffered less in RIF. 2. no effect of RIF for items without retrieval practice. 3. Forgotten items do not compete so do not suffer from RIF.
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Implications for every-day learning
study before sleep and keep enough time for sleep. do more study rather than retrieval practice. frequent revision over different retention intervals needed.
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the process of consolidation and its time-course :the role of sleep in consolidation
two stage learning. sleep aids consolidation. early slow-wave sleep helps with consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative learning. late REM helps with consolidation of procedural learning.
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forgetting curves
Ebbinghaus: forgetting generally fastest shortly after learning, then a slower decline. Savings Method – the reduction in number of trials necessary to re-learn the material over different retention intervals
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Card 2

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processes involved in “storing” declarative memories in the brain

Back

two-stage learning. Firstly, the hippocampus bind initial episodic information together quickly and create higher-level representations which is a vulnerable connection. Then, representations were stored in neocortex and integrated with 已存知识.

Card 3

Front

the adaptive nature of forgetting: the effect of learning on forgetting (retrieval-induced forgetting)

Back

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Card 4

Front

the role of integration in learning and forgetting

Back

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Card 5

Front

Mechanisms of consolidation

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