Developmental- Perception in infancy

Gibson and Walk (1960)

mother called from shallow end and deep end, 8mo crawled to shallow only, not result of binocular parallax because babies with eye patch behave the same way , if 6mo and used walker advantage of perceiving depth

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Piaget

perception is subordinate to action

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Campos, Bertenthal and Kermoian (1992)

7mo those learning to crawl and those who had not yet learnt, reacted differently when lowered onto deep side of cliff, crawlers accel HR fear response, non-crawlers reduced HR

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Bower (1965)

3mo 30cm cube 1m away from infant, if sucked on dummy when cube present reward of adult peekaboo, excitement, presented cubes at different distances and sizes, smaller and larger retina images due to cube, depth understanding - maybe present from out

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Fantz (1961)

1mo babies prefer to look at correctly arranged face

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Fogel and Melson (1988)

1-2mo babies fixate on eyes of a photograph, use eye movement recording technology- eye tracking

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Bower (1982)

crude mask is enough to elicit a babys smile e.g. rectangle with two black/eye-like positioned dots, biologically prepared to region of eyes in face- attention/love from adult if smile at eyes

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Carpenter (1975)

2wo babies reocg and prefer their mothers face when presented with them at window- perceptual learning/biol prepared accel, do look more at face if face of mother over strange- mother sufficient to overrule novelty bias

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Meltzoff and Moore (1983)

struggle to recog own face in mirror at 6mo but can imitate posed expression- no opportunity for t&e, humans biol prepared to perceive expression and translate into motor movements to show face, adaptive and survival value, if baby imitate= bond

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Oostenbroek et al., (2016)

controversy over when this starts is 6mo overest, if model behaviour doesnt correspond closely to what expression adult is showing at any given moment- did more rigorous/precise study, do imitate but not reliably until later age

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Slater et al., (1990)

infants prefer to look at novel things in most cases- if expose to object repeatedly, habituate (lose interest), not looking at it as much as they used to, lack preference, cube at various distances, if close big image on retina

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cont

test phase two objects side by side prefer to look at- infants preferred novel, C: newborns can perceive in 3D

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Bower, Broughton and Moore (1970)

make apparatus look like object project towards infants face, stopped prior to collision, 2wo managed defensive reaction (eyes widened, pulled head back, hands in front of face) 2wo enough time for defensive reaction

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Ball and Tronick (1971)

under 2wo, babies supported infront of screen, images expanded on screen R: rapid expansion of image more defensive reaction in infants, illusion of approaching object, when object not on collision course no defensive reaction displayed- 1 aspect inn

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Ghim (1990)

3mo habituate to image in h.phase, in test phase shown normal square and other shapes, preference to look at other shapes not square- as if already seen square. Preferential looking- whatever illusory shape habituate to, look at others in test

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Kellman and Spelke (1983)

habituate to white bar moving slightly left and right, middle part of black bar always covered look at bar with gap if they havent previously seen before, control- no white bar prefer solid black bar

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Slater et al., (1991)

obtained similar results with newly born infants- figure ground relations available from outset, 2do babies to air of straight lines joined at 45degree angle, presented stim rotated through a variety of orientations, shown lines joined ...

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cont

together in similar way but on obtuse 135d- looked at new lines longer, can dinstinguish between familiar and novel stim irrespective or orientation= good memory for enduring properties of objects

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Gregory (1966)

learning involved in perception, even in perception of depth as cued by lines of perspective- susceptibility to certain illusions e.g. muller lyer due to carpentered world

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Robinson (1972)

illusion still works when balls for muller-lyer rather than arrowheads, balls cannot give misleading perspective cues

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Developmental- Perception in infancy

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