Developmental Change and Stability

What is meta - analysis

Statistical technique for combinng findings from inependent research studies and ofen thousands of participants

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what does it help wih

Helps see overall trends Helps analyse where differences between studies come from Helps overcome the “file drawer problem” of unpublished studies

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Mean-level changes (Roberts et al., 2006)

All six trait domains show significant changes past the age of 30 Personality traits change most during young adulthood (age 20 to 40), not adolescence

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Why do we change --- 5 factir theory (mcrae & Costa199)

humans have species- wide geneic disposition to develop in certian directions/ Hard- wired to become more sically dominant, agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, and less open to exprience

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How do we change - Social inestement hypohesis (roberts, wood & Smith 2005)

investement in universal tasks of social living/ Simiilar tasks supported in most cultures/ Normatie exeriences associated with increase in personality traits of social dominance, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stabilit

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Costa & McCrae (1992): self-reports of adults, few weeks apart

r = .80

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Costa & McCrae (1988): self-reports of adults, 6 years apart

r = .70

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Costa & McCrae (1992): self-reports of adults, 24 years apart 

r= .65

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Costa & McCrae (1992): observer reports of adults, 6 years apart

r =.70

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Robins et al. (2001): 4 years in college 

r = 60

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Roberts et al. (2001): between age 18 and 26

r = 55

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McCrae et al. (2002): between age 12 and 16

r  .40 (.50 for C)

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how does perfectionism develop (Flett et al., 2002

parenta factors - child factors- environmental pessure

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what are the parental factors

Personality (e.g., perfectionism -Parental expectations - Parenting practices/parenting style

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what are the child factors

Personality/temperament - Attachment style

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Envronmental pressure

Cultural - teachers - Peers - work

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Stoeber et al. (2009): Big 5 - findings on Self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) vs. socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP)*

Conscientiousness at T1 predicted increases in SOP from T1 to T2, but neuroticism at T1 did not predict increases in SPP SOP may be driven by child factors

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Damian et al. (2013) : Self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) vs. socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP)*

Perceived parental expectations at T1 predicted increases in SPPfrom T1 to T2, but not increases in SOP SPP may be driven by parental factors

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Goldberg 1999

stability of personality trait across a 9 year period NEO PI R (1994) HEXACO PR 2003

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Order --------- organization

.71 Correlation

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Anger hostility ---------- Paitence

-.64 Correlation

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Anxiety -----------Anxiety

.63 correlation

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Assertiveness ------------Social Boldness

.69 correlation

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Openness to Aesthetics ------ Aesthetic Appreciation

.71 correlation

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Modesty -----------Modesty

.55

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stability during adolesence and young adulthood

when measured on occasions that are several years appart, personality traits generally show high correlations across occasions

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this indicates?

differences among people very stable

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20 years or more

leveles of stability are lower

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why is it hard to measure pesonality in childhood

only begin to describe themselves and others in terms of personality after 10

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Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer (2006)

graph test

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triangle facing up

Big 5 Agreeablenes

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tilted square

conscientiousness

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emotionality stability

square

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openness to experience

circle

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extraversion - assertativ aspects

upsidedown triangle

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extraversion -- sociable lively aspects

star

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five factor theory (McCrae & Costa 1999

humans hard- wired to become more socially dominant, agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, less open to experience

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social investment hypothesis (roberts, wood & smith 2005)

investment in universal tasks of social living/ Normative experiences associated with increase in personality traits of social dominance, agreeableness, conscientiousness and emotionality stability

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Narcissistic Personality Inventory

Raskin & Terry 1988

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Self-esteem across life-span (Robins & Trzesniewski, 2005)

mean changes but high stability

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Self-esteem: Can relationships change personality? Neyer & Lehnart, 2007)

Thelower levels of stability foundduring childhood and old age may reflect the dramatic life changes, shifting social circumstances, and relatively rapid maturational changes that characterize both the beginning and end of life

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Personality structure in children (Lamb et al., 2002)

5 intivals 2- 15 years

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lamb fund that...

personality stable between adjacent intervals most correlations .50 for big 5/ but for longer periods between beginning and end of study(13 yrs---- less stable .20 for each

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Developmental change in children (Lamb et al., 2002)

across study 2- 13 ----childd became lower in extraversion , higher in agreeableness and higher in conscientiousness

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Trait stability in children (Lamb et al., 2002)

but they had low realibilities

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The “Hawaiian Studies” (Goldberg, 2001; Hampson & Goldberg, 2006)

800 people - level of stability chidhood- middle age moderate for extraversion and conscientiousness (above .25)--- close to 0 for neurotiscism in between for agreeableness and openess to experience

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Developmental Change and Stability

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