Development Lecture 1

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What is cognition?
It is about the thinking processes that are going on inside our heads
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What are we talking about when we talk about cognitive development?
We are asking how is thinking inside a child's head changing as time passes?
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How did Piaget start to come up with his theory?
By observing his own children
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Do newborn babies have control over their movements
no
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When can babies reach out and pick up an object (in average)
4 months old
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Is it obvious that a newborn baby is thinking
no
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why isn't it obvious that a newborn baby is thinking?
because they do not show any signs of it
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What is a newborns baby eyesight like?
bad
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when can a newborn baby track something with their eyes?
4 months
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when do babies smile?
around 2 months old
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do new born babies show any emotional expression with their faces?
no
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At what age is a babies eyesight like that of an adult?
9 months
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What did Piaget conclude about children when they were born?
That they were born without knowledge and are totally dependent on others
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According to Piaget how do we go from nothing to something?
By learning
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According to Piaget what makes humans unqiue?
Our capacity to learn
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According to Piaget how does a child construct their own understanding?
Through active interaction with the world
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According to Piaget how is learning individual?
Because we gain a lot through interacting with others and through experience, however we need to understand it and go away and think about it, learning is something we have to do for ourselves.
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According to Piaget why do we learn?
There is an underlying desire for us to want to make sense of the world and gain knowledge, we seek it out.
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According to Piaget how do we learn?
By physically interacting with the world
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According to Piaget what type of understanding of the world do we want to build?
An integrated understanding of the world. We try and make a coherent idea of the world and where everything fits together.
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According to Piaget what is our ultimate purpose in life?
To get an idea of the world in our head which is close to how the world actually is
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What are the three learning mechanisms according to Piaget?
Assimilation, Accommodation, Equilibration
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What happens if we encounter new knowledge about the world? (assimilation)
We assimilate the new knowledge into our working model of how the world works. (t's compatible with our own knowledge)
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What learning mechanism do you use when you encounter incompatible knowledge and there is disequilibrium?
Accommodation
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What happens with the accommodation learning mechanism?
This is when you look at both sets of knowledge, and try and work out how to make them both work. When you do this leads to equilibrium.
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What is equilibrium in terms of learning about the world?
When what you think the world is like seems to be accurate.
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What is equilibration (learning mechanims)
When you are trying to find the balance between assimilation and accommodation. You can't spend to much time learning (assimilation) or thinking about what you have learnt (accommodation)
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What type of theory is Piagets theory about children development?
A stage theory
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What does it mean that Piagets theory of development is a stage theory?
That there is discontinuous change.
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What does it mean that Piagets stage theory is discontinuous?
Development changes in stages as a child grows up, their performance suddenly leaps up in stages and it does not gradually change
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According to Piaget why are there 4 stages of development?
Because in your life you have three massive accomodation events, each event leads to a new stage.
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How does accomodation affect your mind?
It changes the way your mind is/works/how you think about things.
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What changes with each massive accomodation event?
The way you think about everything and how your information is organised
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According to Piaget does the three massive accomodation events cause domain-general or domain-specific changes?
Domain-general
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What does domain-general change mean?
That all of your 'domains' of knowledge change, your understanding of everything changes at once.
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What does domain-specific change mean?
That you are changing/learning just one of your 'domains' of knowledge.
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What is an example of some domain's of knowledge?
Language, mathemetics, 3D-space, understanding of the physical world, understanding of the social world.
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What is the first stage of Piagets development theory?
Sensorimotor
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How long does the Sensorimotor stage last?
Birth - 2 years.
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What is the process which leads adults to act in the world?
Sense -> think -> act
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What does Piaget say about infants and how they act in the world? (sensorimotor stage)
Sense -> act. (no thinking)
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Can adults think about the world without acting on it? (Piaget)
Yes
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Can infants think about the world without acting on it? (Piaget/Sensorimotor stage)
no
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When children are in the sensorimotor stage when do children remember information?
They only remember the world when they act upon it by making a link between their senses and their actions.
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In the sensorimotor stage can children remember by seeing and not acting on the world?
no
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According to Piaget during the sensorimotor stage do children have object permanence?
no
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What is object permanence?
The idea that the world/an object exists even when you are not looking at it.
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What is an issue with the Sensorimotor stage?
That by experiencing the world through a direct link (sense-action) is very limiting in all domains (for example physical and mental)
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When do we use object permanence?
All the time, but we are not aware of it
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How did Piaget test a child's understanding of object permanence?
With the A not B task.
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What domain does object permanence exist in?
The physical domain
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What is needed for the A not B task?
2 boxes and an object (teddy)
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What is the first stage of the AnotB task? (out of three)
Showing the infant a toy and placing under a box (location A)
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What is the second stage of the AnotB task? (out of three)
Repeatedly putting the toy under a box (location A)
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What age do you test the AnotB task?
9 months old
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What can a 9 month old do?
Sit up, pick things up, but not walking yet
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Can the 9 month old retrieve the object from location A in the AnotB task?
No
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What is the third stage of the AnotB task? (out of three)
Put the toy under the second box (Location B)
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What does the infant do in the third stage of the AnotB task?
Reaches for location A still
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According to Piaget why do children reach for location A when the toy is in location B in the AnotB task?
Because they don't really understand about object permanence and have just learnt (through sense-action) to reach to location A.
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Do infants in the Sensorimotor stage understand that objects continue to exist when not in view?
No, they have no object permanence.
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What is needed to understand object permanence?
The ability to think
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Can infants in the sensorimotor stage think?
No
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How do you know you exist and who you are?
By thinking of yourself
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According to Piaget can infants think of themselves in the sensorimotor stage?
No
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Do infants have a sense of themselves in the Sensorimotor stage?
No
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Can infants in the Sensorimotor stage make a distinction between themselves and other people?
No
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Why can't infants in the Sensorimotor stage make a distinction between themselves and other people?
Because they cannot think of themselves to begin with, so don't have a sense of themselves, so can't recognise themselves as being separate.
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What does Piaget call the fact infants in the sensorimotor stage cannot think of themselves?
Egocentric.
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Why does Piaget call infants in the sensorimotor stage egocentric?
Because they have no sense of other people.
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Why do infants need to change their model of the world being sense-action?
Because it is a bad model, and they need to think
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What needs to happen for infants to change out of the sensorimotor stage?
An accomodation event
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What is the model after sense-action?
A representational model (Symbolic thought)
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What is a representation?
A construction that stands-in for something in the real world
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If you can understand representations, do you have the ability to know a written word stands in for an object? (for example the word banana = banana)
Yes
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If you can understand representations do you have the ability to know that a picture of something stands in for that object? (for example, picture of a banana = banana)
Yes
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According to Piaget what creates the contents of our thoughts in the preoperational stage?
Representations when we start to form them
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What is the second stage of Piagets development theory?
The Preoperational stage
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In the preoperational stage do we still experience the world through sense-action?
Yes (We still retain the ability to do this)
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In the preoperational stage how do we understand the world?
We can understand the world through representations now
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When we enter the preoperational stage do we experience domain-general changes?
Yes
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In the preoperational stage do children understand object permanence?
Yes
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In the preoperational stage how are children now able to understand object permanence?
Because they can hold a representation in their mind, they can picture something in their mind meaning they can carry things in their mind without it being physically present.
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In the preoperational stage can children use language?
Yes
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In the preoperational stage how can children use language?
Through representation, you know words relate to representations in your mind which relates to a real object
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In the preoperational stage can children play games of pretend?
Yes
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In the preoperational stage how can children play games of pretend?
You can hold an object and in your mind hold a different representation to what that object really is to pretend it is something else
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In the preoperational stage can children have a sense of self-identity?
Yes
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In the preoperational stage how can children now have a sense of self-identity?
As they can hold a representation of themselves in their mind allowing them to think about themselves.
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Can children in the sensorimotor stage use language?
No
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Can children in the sensorimotor stage play games of pretend?
No
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Can children in the preoperational stage do operations?
No
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What are operations
Mental actions used to make your representations move
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What ages are children in the preoperational stage?
2-7
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If preoperational children cannot do operations can they move images in their mind?
No
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Is not being able to move representations (do operations) a disadvantage?
Yes
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Can children do the conservation task in the preoperational stage?
No
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What do children need to be able to do to understand the conservation task?
Operations
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What do you need for the Conservation task?
2 tall thin beakers, 1 short wide beaker, some liquid.
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What is step 1 of the conservation task?
Pouring liquid into the 2 tall thin beakers
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What is step 2 of the conservation task?
Getting the children to agree there is the same amount of liquid in both of the tall thin beakers
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What is step 3 of the conservation task?
Pouring the liquid from one of the tall thin beakers into the short wide beaker
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What is step 4 of the conservation task?
Asking the children what beaker has the most liquid if any?
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What do most 5 year olds say has the most liquid when doing the conservation task (if any)?
The tall thin beaker.
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According to Piaget why don't children in the preoperational stage understand that there is the same amount of liquid in both beakers during the preoperational task?
Because they cannot conserve, they don't understand that the volume is the same.
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What is the ability to conserve?
Understanding that nothing changes unless you add or take something away, even if you move it.
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When doing the conservation task what do preoperational children base their answer on?
The height of the liquid
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What do preoperational children need to understand to get the correct answer to the preoperational task?
They need to understand volume (which you cannot see) and that it is conserved.
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How does doing operations help children to understand the conservation task?
They could take their representation of the liquid in the beaker and make it move to imagine pouring the water back into the taller beaker to see if it is the same amount or not
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Do preoperational children struggle with mass in the same way they struggle with volume?
Yes
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What is a good way to test children's understanding of mass?
Small thick play dough sausage vs Long thin play dough sausage
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What do children understand first Mass, Volume or Number?
Number
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How do you test children's understanding of number?
By getting two rows of play dough balls (same amount) and getting children to count how many are in each row, then move apart the ones on the bottom row and if they don't understand number they will say the bottom row has more.
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Do 3/5 year olds struggle with number?
Yes
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What is the task used to test children's understanding of the social domain?
The three mountains task
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Who came up with the three mountains task?
Piaget
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What do you need for the three mountains task?
A model of three mountains, with one mountain infront, one in the middle and one behind, which one is behind/in front changes depending on what side you are looking at it.
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what are the children asked to do in the three mountains task?
Pick the view the experimenter can see from 4 photographs
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What will young children do in the three mountains task?
Pick the view they can see and not what the experimenter can see
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What is the three mountains task an example of?
Egocentrism and Operation
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Why is the three mountains task an example of egocentrism?
Because although they can understand themselves, they can't think about how things must be from someone else's perspective
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Why is the three mountains task an example of operation?
In order to pass children must imagine in their minds walking around the model to see it from the other side. (Moving the representation)
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What is Stage three of piagets developmental theory?
The concrete operational stage
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During the concrete operational stage can children hold representations?
Yes
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During the concrete operational stage can children perform operations?
Yes
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Can children in the concrete operational stage understand conservation? (beaker task)
Yes
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Can children in the concrete operational stage understand other peoples perspective?
Yes
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In the concrete operational stage what can you now do in your head?
Mental actions
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What does Piaget thinks needs to happen in order for children to perform an operation in the concrete operational stage?
A child has to first physically act it out for themselves in the world
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What is the age range for the concrete operational stage?
7-11
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What is the name of the fourth stage of Piaget's development theory?
The Formal operational stage
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What does formal operational thinking allow us to do?
Detach ourselves from the world we experience
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What is formal operational thinking?
Abstract, unbiased, hypothetical
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What does it mean that formal operational thinking is abstract?
That it is not bound to any specific examples or experience of the world.
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Is Sensorimotor skill useful for anything in later life?
Yes, we can still use it to learn things
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What is Sensorimotor skill useful for in later life?
Motor skills, for example playing football
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Can Sensorimotor skill be used to predict the movement of a ball?
Yes, if you are used to playing a ball sport and have that motor skill
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What does unbiased thinking mean? (formal operational thinking)
That it is universal, you are not bias towards individuals/groups
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What is an example of unbiased abstract thinking from the social domain? (formal operational thinking)
"All people are created equal"
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Is unbiased thinking egocentric? (formal operational thinking)
No
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What is Hypothetical thinking? (formal operational thinking)
When you imagine how the real world could be different.
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Before formal operational thinking what type of hypothetical thinking did children engage in?
Fantasy thinking
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What is fantasy thinking?
Thinking relating to other worlds
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What type of hypothetical thinking can children now engage in once they reach the formal operational stage?
Thinking which can be related to the real world, so they can imagine how the world in which they live could be different
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Why can't children in the concrete operational stage engage in hypothetical thinking relating to the real world?
Because in order to think about something they need to be able to act it out. (for example you cannot act out world peace)
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According to Piaget are we born with any innate knowledge?
No
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How many stages are there in Piagets development theory?
4 Stages
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What are we born with according to Piaget?
The 3 learning mechanisms. (Assimilation, Accommodation, Equilibration)
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What age does the formal operational stage happen?
11+ years
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What stage do you start to do sense-action learning?
Sensorimotor stage
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What stage do you start to do mental representations?
Preoperational stage
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What stage do you start to do concrete operations?
The concrete operational stage
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What stage do you start to do formal operations?
The formal operational stage
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Can you still use any of the thinking skills you learn in a previous stage at a later stage? (for example doing mental representations in the formal operational stage?)
Yes, you can still use any skill/form of thinking you used earlier
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According to Piaget children's learning is
Active, individual, integrated
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At what stage does Piaget think children can learn an operation without acting it out first?
Formal operational stage
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What does Piaget think the three mountains task test?
The task tests children's ability to perform an operation
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Are you going to pass this exam?
YES
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Card 3

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Card 4

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Do newborn babies have control over their movements

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Card 5

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When can babies reach out and pick up an object (in average)

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