Development and Disorders of Language

List 3 features of a 'true' language

Productivity and Generativity; Symbolism; Displacement

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List 4 properties of CDS

Exaggerated intonation contours; Immediate repetition; Less syntactically complex utterances; Clear turn-taking and eye contact

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List 3 issues with studying CDS

Cause and effect; Confounding variables; Little variation in linguistic skills

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List 3 difficulties of word recognition

Variability in speech input; Co-articulation; Lack of clear word boundaries

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List 2 cross-linguistic differences in babbling

Segments mirror input; Prosodic features mirror input

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What is the pre-lexical cues hypothesis?

Word recognition built on sound system, around 6 to 9 months.

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List 3 features of early words

Short and easy; Frequent and relevant concepts; Various syntactic and semantic categories

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List 3 types of errors children make with word production

Overextension, Under-extension, Invented words

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List 5 reasons why errors are made

Category boundaries different to adults; Category boundary may be missing; Slow to retrieve; Child pointing out similarity; Child joking

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List 6 requirements for learning word meanings

Low-level learning mechanisms; Conceptual prerequisites; Linguistic pre-requisites; Non-verbal cues and CDS; Lexical principles; Syntactic bootstrapping

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List 2 reasons why verbs are harder than nouns

Dynamic vs Static and resistant to change; Relational aspect of verbs harder

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List 4 research methods to study acquisition of morphology

Elicitation; Pointing; Meta cognitive tasks; Identification tasks

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List 4 reasons why acquisition of inflectional morphemes are hard

Short and easy to miss; semantically complex; express abstract relationships; encode several syntactic features

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List 5 reasons for the order of how morphemes are acquired

Perceptual saliency of morpheme; semantic complexity; syntactic complexity; input frequency; cross-linguistic differences

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List 4 properties of 2 word utterances

Combinations of different syntactic categories; dominated by content words; variety of semantic relationships; idiosyncratic word ordering

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How are passive and active sentences different?

The way syntactic position is mapped onto argument structure or 'thematic roles'

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List 5 features of communication in children with ASD

50% never develop expressive language; Not compensated by gesture or mime; Expressive language fails to respond to communication; Fails to initiate and maintain conversation; Failure to use joint attention

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List 3 preserved linguistic abilities in children with ASD

Vocabulary; Segmental phonology; Syntax

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List 4 impaired linguistic abilities in children with ASD

Semantics; Idiosyncratic language; Pronouns; Non-segmental phonology

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List 5 ways ToM is linked to linguistic disorders of ASD

Restricted and unexpected speech content; Echolalia; Lack of social skills; Abnormality of stress patterns; Pronoun problems

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List 5 ways deaf children communicate

Oral communication and lip reading; Total communication; Bilingual education; Cued speech; Home signs

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List 3 consequences of hearing impairment in language

Impaired speech; Delayed lexical and syntactic development; Reading

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List 2 reasons why reading is impaired in deaf children

Limited knowledge of english sound system; Grammar and lexicon is acquired along with reading

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List 5 diagnostic criteria for SLI

Language test scores deviate 1.25; normal IQ; normal hearing; no neurological or oral dysfunction; normal social interaction

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List 4 types of linguistic problems in SLI

Lexical development; phonology; morphology and syntax; prgamatics

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List 3 deficits thought to underlie SLI

Impaired temporal processing of auditory stimuli; Impaired processing of grammatical morphemes, Impaired visual paired associate learning

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List 4 factors that effect acquisition of a second langauge

Relative amount of input; linguistic differences in languages; CDS vs overheard; Code switching for close languages

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List 4 linguistic advantages of bilingualism

Meta-linguistic awareness; flexibility in learning additional labels; advanced social communicate tool; flexibility in learning language patterns

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List 3 non-linguistic advantages of bilingualism

Inhibition / Attention; Creative thinking; Attention to subtle environmental differences

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List 5 associated speech and language problems in children with DS

Mental retardation; hearing and sight problems; larger tongues; hypotonia; joint attention deficits

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List 5 things children need for communicative competance

Linguistic knowledge; Pragmatics; Routines and scripts; Social roles and socially appropriate behaviour; ToM

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What is Communicative competence?

The use of language to reach goals

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What is audience design?

Tailoring of referential expressions to listeners need's

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List 4 causes of atypical language development

Sensory impairment; Learning difficulties; autism; SLI

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List 4 features of a word to have true word status

Communication; Consistent phonological shape; consistent meaning; extend to multiple exemplars

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List 2 tasks there is a strong genetic basis for in SLI

Verb inflection tasks; Phonological STM

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List 3 lexical prerequisites to word learning

Child knows words have meaning; Child knows mapping is symbolic; Child knows mapping is consistent across time and space

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What is the order of how syntactic bootstrapping is acquired?

Syntactic frames constrain grammatical category; Grammatical category constrains word meaning

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List 5 examples of impaired lexical development in SLI

Over and under extension of meanings; Poor word retrieval; Late talkers; Slow acquisition of words; Domain specific problems

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List 2 examples of impaired phonological development in SLI

Poor intelligibility of speech, poor processing of phonetic inputs

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List 3 examples of impaired morpho-syntactic development in SLI

Morphemes are ommitted over misused if unknown; morphemes are omitted in they appear redundant; narrative skills deficits

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List 2 examples of impaired pragmatic development in SLI

Unlikely to initiate / guide conversations; Non verbal communication poor

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Development and Disorders of Language

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