Development 14 emotional development 4

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  • Created by: CaliFish
  • Created on: 09-05-17 11:45
We are now going to focus on who
the mother
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what is another name for post natal depression
post partum
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define post natal depression
a depressive disorder with a peri partum onset
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what does peri partum mean
the period shortly before, during or after giving birth
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what is the cut off date for post partum depression according to the DSM-V
4 weeks, but realistically its not that strict, more like 1 year
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what is the % difference of when post partum depression kicks in
50% during pregnant, 50% after pregnancy
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it has the same criteria as what
major depressive disorder
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how many symptoms need to be present, for how long
5, 2 weeks
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how many mothers are affected by post natal depression (in developed countries)
15%
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how many fathers are affected by post natal depression (in developed countries)
10%
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maternal PND is a ____________ for paternal PND (and vice versa) therefore it can ___________
risk factor, co occur
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although causes for PND are unknown, what can develop into PND
maternity blues
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what questions are we interested in
does maternal depression effect parenting style/parent and child interactions, and if so, what are the effects
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is PND the same as maternal deprivation
no
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who and when did a big epidemiological study
Taafe et al, 2016
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how many of the mothers had PND
867
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how many of the mothers did not have PND
4007
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at what time were the infants studied
2-4 months
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what aspects of parenting were mothers asked to report
safety practices, feeding and social interaction
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what else did they do in this study and why
measure other aspects such as age, race, maritual status etc incase these confounded effects
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what did they look at for safety practices
sleep position and water temperature
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what did they find
depressed mothers less likely to put infants on their back (safe position) and less likely to lower water temperature
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what did they look at for feeding practices
if mother gave cereal, juice, water or breastfed
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what did they find
depressed mothers less likely to breast feed, more likely to give cereal, juice and water
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however, which of these findings were confounded by the other variables
'more likely to give cereal, juice and water'
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what did they look at for socio-developmental practices
showing one book a day, playing once a day, talking to infant during other activities and at least 2 predictable routines
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what did they find
depressed mothers are less likely to do all
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however, which of these findings were confounded by the other variables
none
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what does this study not do
study the quality of interactions
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who and when studied the quality of interactions
Cox et al, 1987
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what type of study was it
home observation
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how many mothers with PND
49
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how many mothers without PND
27
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at what time points
infant at 2 months, 6 months, 12 months
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what were their 5 overall findings of the quality of interactions
depressed mothers less responsive to infant cues, depressed mothers less engaged in the interaction, the interaction is less flexible, less positive and shorter
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what were their 4 overall findings on the effect of the quality of interactions on the children
more distress, less likely to respond to mother, less active, they cling and comfort mother when SHE'S distressed
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what did they find from studying them at 3 time points
the longer the depression, the greater its negative effects on the infant
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Field et al, 2010 did a review of studies about maternal depression and what were 4 reliable findings
in interactions there is less touch, there is less communication (vocal and visual), there is fluctatution of over or under stimulation and non-depressed fathers do NOT buffer effects
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in terms of match/attunement/synchrony depressed mothers are less likely to what
be in synchrony, repair synchrony
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who and when studied maternal depression, synchrony and emotional regulation
Granat et al, 2017
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what type of study was it
home observation
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at what age of the infant
9 months
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similar to Taafe et al, 2016 what did they do
account for confounding variables
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how many mothers were depressed
22
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how many controls
59
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what other maternal psychopathology was studied
anxiety
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how many mothers had anxiety
19
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what types of synchrony did they study
duration and latency, gaze and touch
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what were their findings for the duration of gaze synchrony
(from longest to shortest) anxiety, control, depression
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what else did they find for the style of gaze synchrony for depressed mothers
gaze is frequent and short (not long enough time for infants to engage)
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why might mothers with anxiety have the highest gaze duration
connection with hypervigilence
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another study (N=3) found what extra about gaze between mothers with depression and their infants
mothers looked at their infants less but infants looked at their mothers less also
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what were their findings for the duration of touch synchrony
unsignificant
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what is being measured for latency to synchrony
the time between play and synchronisation
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what were the findings for the latency to synchrony for both touch and gaze
(fastest to slowest) anxiety, control, depressed
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what extra component affected synchrony
time
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Zlochowe and Cohn, 1996 found hat depressed mothers have less _________ timing of vocal communication
predictability
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Henning and Striano, 2011 manipulated time how
video interactions. no lag = positivity, artificial lag = infant distress.
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how did they study emotion regulation
removing toy that infant was playing with either with mother or with stranger
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what were the findings for the negative affect shown
(least to most) control, anxiety, depression
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what were the findings for the differences in negative affect for either mother or stranger
control (most difference) anxiety (difference) depression (no difference)
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who and when studied the relationship between maternal depression and still face effects
Hernandez-Reif, 2007
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what did he find
infants who have depressed mothers are less negatively affected by their mothers still face, and are also less positively affected on their mothers attempt for reparation
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these infants tend to do what more
self-comfort
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who and when studied interactive repair further
Jameson et al, 1997
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what did they find
depressed mothers are less likely to attempt repair
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what were the 4 short term effects on infants having a mother with maternal depression
less responsive to learning environment, less play/acitvity, less likely to be securely attached and less sensitive to other peoples voices and faces
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what are 2 long term effects on children having a mother with depression
more stress sensitive and less emotional regulation
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give evidence for 'more stress senstivie'
more amygdala activity and more cortisol secretion
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give evidence for 'less emotion regualtion'
more negative comments when loosing a card game
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although depression is a complex illness, what could explain the way depressed mothers are behaving
information processing bias
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give 3 examples
reduced synchrony - less sensitive to happy infant face, reduced reparation - break in connection though of as my baby doesn't love me, reduced emotion regulation = less sensitive to infant cry
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what makes the weak sensitivity to infant happy or sad emotions more pronounced
if the mother had an insecure attachment to her own mother
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the mothers attachment type to her mother can predict what
attachment type to unborn baby
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these effects are ____
intergeneratinoal
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what are 3 clinical implications of all of this info
screening, safety guidance, dont just focus on mother but dyadic relationship
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what is another name for post natal depression

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post partum

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define post natal depression

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what does peri partum mean

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what is the cut off date for post partum depression according to the DSM-V

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