Development 13 emotional development 3

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  • Created by: CaliFish
  • Created on: 07-05-17 15:22
we are going to focus on the _______-dependent infant
experience
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who did famous work with monkeys
harlow
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he isolated how many monkeys
8
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when
shortly after birth
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what 2 conditions did he have
condition 1. cloth mother with milk, wire mother with no milk. condition 2. cloth mother with no milk, wire mother with milk
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what did he find
in both conditions, baby monkeys spent significantly more time with cloth mother
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when the baby monkey was scared, it went to the cloth mother for what
comfort and emotion regulation
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what did the baby monkey do more of, if the cloth mother was present
explore
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the wire mother fulfilled the babies _____ needs, but the cloth mother fulfilled the babies ______
physical, psychological
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who made the first attachment theory
bowlby
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he made it from what material
harlows work with the monkeys and his own work with orphans
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he said, human infants have a ________ need for a ________ attachment figure
biological, protective
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what two things must a caregiver provide
comfort and security
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absence of a caregiver causes what
psychological damage
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both harlow and bowlbys work, led attachment theories to be what
spatial
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who changed this
Ainsworth
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she identified, it is not just caregiver presence but caregiver ______ that is important
quality
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what is her famous study
the strange situation
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what part of this is the most important
the reunion
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what does the reunion measure
the extent to which the infant is consoled by the caregiver
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what 3 attachment types are identifiable from this test
secure, insecure avoidant, insecure ambivalent
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attachment type at one year is a fundamental prediction of what
human development
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Ainsworth does not tell us what
the building blocks of secure attachment
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what test, that followed shortly, helped us decide what the building blocks of secure attachment are
the still face paradigm
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explain the still face paradigm structure
three phases of 2 minute duration each
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what is the first phase called
baseline state
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what does it involve
face-to-face interaction of mother and baby
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what does it give an idea of
how strongly connected infant and mother are
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what is the second phase called
mismatch state
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what does it involve
mothers still face
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it is an interruption of what
maternal engagement
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this violates what
the infants assumption that the mother is emotionally available and responsive
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what does this induce
socio-emotional stress
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what is the third phase called
repair
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what does it involve
reparation and reinstatement of the relationship
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who and when studied this
Field et al, 1986
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they compared it to what
physical unavailability
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what was more stressful
emotional unavailability
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why is emotional availability so important
it allows mother and child to connect with each other
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what is this state of connection called
match/attunement/synchrony
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the best functioning mother and child dyads are in a state of match/attunement/synchrony what percent of the time
28-34%
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that means, that moments of mismatch are what
inevitable
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what does mismatch produce
stress
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what is the most important thing
reparation is easy
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define match/attunement/synchrony
temporal coordination of discrete events into a global system
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who and when gave physiological evidence for this
Feldman, 2007
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what did they find
high synchrony during play leads to synchronisation of heart rates
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newborns can also ______ synchrony, this is proven by what
detect, prefer to look at videos of mothers and babies in sync than out of sync
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isabella et al 1989 found what
early synchrony predicts attachment security
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synchrony at 3 months can also predict what
empathy
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who and induced synchrony or asynchrony in a study to see its effects
Meltzoff, 2007
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when people are tapping in synchrony they percieve each other to be what
closer
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why
'like me' hypothesis/self other equivalences
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interactive repair happens at what speeds
very quickly, 3-5 seconds
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who and when studied interactive repair
Muller et al, 2004
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how many dyads ddi they study
46
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they were looking at the relationship between what
speed of interactive repair and cortisol activity
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what did they find
the longer the latency to repair, the more cortisol activity
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what does not help to predict/understand cortisol activity
time spent in atunement
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this gives evidence for what
reparation is the most important part
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what is a massive problem with this study
its circular
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reparation time a 3 months, predicts what and when
self-control at 2
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what happens if the synchrony is never repaired
more cortisol
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therefore they are dependent on the caregiver for what
emotional regulation
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what is marking
marked reflections of the internal state helps make sense of them
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what is another name for marking
mind-mindedness
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mind-mindedness predicts what
attachment security
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neurobiologically, why does it make sense that labelling an emotional experience helps to down regulate affect and arousal
when we label things, our prefrontal cortex becomes more active, and emotional area such as amygdala, becomes less active
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why is this not applicable to babies
amygdala is one of the earliest brain structure to develop fully, but the connection with the prefrontal cortex is not fully developed till adolescence, therefore until then, baby relies on mother for regulation
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who and when showed adults also rely on external sources for emotional regulation
Coan et al, 2006
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how many married women did they study
16
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they exposed them to threat of a what
electric shock
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there was reduced amygdala activity if what
their husband was holding their hand
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what was not involved in the down regulation of the amygdala
the prefrontal cortex
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what was the following question
can the mothers emotional availability, buffer against high amygalda activity inducing stimuli
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who and when tested this
Gee et al 2014
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how did they induce amygdala activity
put into fMRI scanner
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what did they show them
pictures of mother or stranger
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what did they find
for children it worked, for teenagers it didn't
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this effect with children correlated with what
the attachment with the mother (higher attachment more of a buffer)
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how did they study behaviour too
with a go/no go task
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what does a go/no go task involve
press the button when you see a neutral face, not a fearful or happy falce
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if they press the button when they see a happy or fearful face what does this mean
they are not regulating their emotions
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what were the conditions
participants were sat next to their mothers or a friendly female experimenter
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what did they find
for children it worked (less errors), for teenagers it didn't
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who are an exception
institutionalised children
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how
they have premature connectivity between amygdala and prefrontal cortex
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why is this
they HAVE to self regulate
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however this self-regulation is what
not very effective
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who did famous work with monkeys

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he isolated how many monkeys

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when

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what 2 conditions did he have

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