Development 11 Emotional development 1

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  • Created by: CaliFish
  • Created on: 04-05-17 11:03
what theoretical theory is key for understanding emotional development
the separation-individuation theory
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who and when made it
Margaret Mahler, 1975
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what context does the development occur in
the early infant-mother relationship
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this relationship does what
forms a template for all following relationships
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infants negotiate the tension of what
the duality of human existence
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what is the duality of human existence
the concurring want to be an individual but to have connections with others
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in what time lapse does this development happen
first two years of life
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this happens in 2 _____
phases
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name the phases
symbiotic phase and individuation-seperation phase
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what is paradoxical about these phases
the closer the symbiotic relationship in phase one, the more prepared infants are to become individuals in phase 2
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what stage used to come before the symbiotic phase
the naive/normal autism phase
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when does this stage occur
0-1 months
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this stage is entirely about what
infant survival
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it was thought, that the baby was not ready for relationships because it was what
a closed system
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why was this stage removed
infants begin forming relationships from birth
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when does the symbiotic phase happen
1-5 months
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the baby is totally what
dependent on the caregiver
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therefore the caregiver has what
omnipotence
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define omnipotence
total power
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the infant and caregiver are _______ to enter the state of ________
pre equipped, dual unity
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give two examples of how the infant is pre equipped
social smiling and crying
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what is the difference between smiling and social smiling
smiling is reflexive and social smiling is a result of the environment
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when does the social smile begin to emerge
4-8 weeks
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who and when gave evidence for the social smile
messinger and fogel 2007
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what did they find
different social situations elicit different types of smile
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who and when studied social smiling further
jones et al 1991
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what did they find
infants smile frequency was higher when the mother was attending to the infant
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the mothers attention modulated the smiles directed at her, but did not modulate what 3 things
smile at toys, play time, quality of play
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this shows infants have what 2 things of facial expression
purpose and control
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this shows smiling is a function of positive affect, true or false
true but not just positive affect, socio-communicative function
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all of this gives evidence for the presence of what effect
audience effect
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what is the similarity between crying and smiling
early crying has no social function
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what is the function of this early crying
to strengthen organs
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however, crying very quickly becomes what
a signal for parental care
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who and when studied crying
solitis, 2004
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what did they find
acoustically different cries serve for different signals
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how does crying effect mothers on a neurological level
the sound of own baby crying, activates areas of the brain that promote activity and response
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maternal responsiveness is associated with what
decline in crying
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what 2 things happen when a mother is unresponsive to her baby crying
firstly, the distress intensifies and then it stops but this ends in insecure attachment because the baby 'loses hope'
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all evidence suggests crying serves as what
a social function
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at the separation-individuation phase the infant begins to differentiate between who
self and others
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the infant ventures out of what
the symbiotic relationship
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Margaret Mahler calls this what
loosening and practising
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margaret believes this is what
a hallmark of emotional development
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the venture is supported by what
the infants increasing locomotion abilities
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they begin to have an interest in what
the external world
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what does margaret call this interest
the discovery of desires
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experience of separation leads to ___________
recognition of separation
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what does this recognition induce
anxiety
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what does margaret call this
prototypic anxiety experience
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what do psychoanalytics call this
the crisis of the second year
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the infant experiences as a loss of what
self system and omnipotence
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what two things co-occur
the mourning of the loss of the symbiotic relationship but also the want for self-discovery
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what needs to be reached
an equilibrium
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what 3 features are crucial for the equilibrium
closeness during the symbiotic phase, caregivers sensitivity and adoption and positive experience with the world
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if all are ticked, what happens to the relationship
is does not dissolve but just transforms
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are the 4 markers of a successful individuation
self-awareness, secure attachment, empathy and self regulation
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who and when studied self awareness closely
rochart, 2003
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he identified what
5 levels of self awareness
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how are his findings in agreement with margarets theory
level 3, 18-24 months, conceptual self
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what is the most prominent method of testing self awareness
litmus' rouge test
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at what age do children begin to pass the rouge test
22 months
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what is also a marker of self awareness
self-conscious emotions
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who and when studied self conscious emotions
lewis et al, 1989
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how old were the participants
9-24 month olds
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what two things did they measure
anxiety and embarrassment
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what were their findings
embarrassment from the rouge test and anxiety from approach of stranger
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what percent of participants that showed embarrassment also passed the rouge test
80%
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why is this
embarrassment requires a referential self
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according to the model, positive symbiotic relationships should lead to what
early self-awareness
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who and when studied this
schnieder-rosen and cichetti 1989
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they studied self-awareness at what age
19 months
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what % of securely attached infants passed
73%
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what % of securely attached infants passed
27%
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what were their additional findings
upon self-recognition, securely attached infants showed positive recognition whereas infants who had suffered neglect showed negative recognition
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who and when made it

Back

Margaret Mahler, 1975

Card 3

Front

what context does the development occur in

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

this relationship does what

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

infants negotiate the tension of what

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