3416 female adolescent twins interviewed using the DSM-IV, there was a 40% risk of MDD due to genetics (rates similar to adults). This suggests that genetics significantly contribute to the development of depression.
1 of 25
Kendler et al
Females twins from Virginia and found that women who were genetically predisposed to depression were far more likely to develop depressive symptoms when faced with a negative life event, than women at less risk of depression.
2 of 25
Kraft et al
96 patients with MDD who were treated for 6 weeks with a dual serotonin-noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor (SNRI) showed a significantly more positive response than those treated with a placebo.
3 of 25
Ruhe et al
That patients with depression in remission who were given a tryptophan-deficient amino acid mixture, experienced a brief relapse of symptoms.
4 of 25
Thase and Kupfer
Reported a higher rate of reduction in symptoms when medication is used as opposed to placebos.
5 of 25
Ferguson et al
Reviewed studies comparing SSRIs with other treatments or placebos and found that those treated with SSRIs were twice as likely to attempt suicide.
6 of 25
Mulsant et al
Meta-analysis and found a significant improvement in 83% of cases where ECT was used with elderly patients
7 of 25
Scott
Reviewed 18 studies with 1144 patients comparing ECT with drug therapy and found that ECT is more effective than drug therapy in the short-term
8 of 25
Sackeim et al
Found that unilateral ECT is less likely to cause cognitive problems than bilateral ECT
9 of 25
Abeles et al
Found that amongst 23 adolescents, the mean score on the mood and happiness questionaire was significantly lower after receiving 'stress busters' based on CBT
10 of 25
Simons et al
CBT not effective for people who have rigid attitudes and are resistant to change or experiencing genuine stressors that can not be resolved
11 of 25
Keller et al
Recovery rates were 55% using drugs alone, 52% CBT alone but 85% when therapies used together
12 of 25
Hovath, Bedi
Effectiveness of IPT depends on quality of relationship between therapist and the client
13 of 25
Hunt and Andrews
5 meta analysis mean drop out rate 8%
14 of 25
Elkin et al
Part of National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research program, IPT as efffective as CBT and drugs
15 of 25
Shah and Walker
Reported that many depression sufferers admitted to having affectionless parents.
16 of 25
Bifulco
Discovered that children were more likely to suffer depression later in life if their mothers had died during their childhood
17 of 25
Paykel and Cooper
Only 10% of individuals who encountered a major loss during their childhood experienced depression
18 of 25
Hiroto, Seligman
When college students were exposed to uncontrollable aversive events, they were more likely to fail on cognitive tasks
19 of 25
Bulter and Beck
Reviewed 14 meta analyses that have investigated the effectiveness of Beck’s cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy
20 of 25
Bates et al
Participants who were given negative automatic thought statements became more and more depressed
21 of 25
Keller et al
Recruited 524 depressed individuals from impatient, outpatient and community settings at 5 different sites. They were interviewed twice (6 months apart) using the DSM and found that test-retest reliability was poor-to fair
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Coryellet al
Suggested that 10% of people diagnosed with MDD, go on to develop bipolar disorders, supporting the issues of misdiagnosis
23 of 25
Hammen
Distinction lacks evidence between endogenous and non endogenous
24 of 25
Rose et al
Found that at least one third of patients complained of persistent memory loss following ECT
25 of 25
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Front
Kendler et al
Back
Females twins from Virginia and found that women who were genetically predisposed to depression were far more likely to develop depressive symptoms when faced with a negative life event, than women at less risk of depression.
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