Depression (psychopathology)

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What are the 4 disorders depression can be classified into?
1. Major depressive disorder = severe but short term depression. 2. Persistent depressive disorder = long term or recurrent depression. 3. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder = childhood temper tantrums. 4. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
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What are the 3 behavioural characteristics of depression?
1. Activity levels = reduced levels of energy (lethargic) could withdraw from social life etc. 2. Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour = Insomnia, premature waking, increased need for sleep, increase/decrease of appetite. 3. Agression/self harm.
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what are the 3 emotional characteristics of depression?
1. Lowered mood = empty and worthless. 2. Anger =more negative feelings of anger. 3. Lowered self esteem = Like themselves less than usual.
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What are the 3 cognitive characteristics of depression?
1. Poor concentration = unable to stick with tasks or make a decision. 2. Attending and dwelling on the negative = Ignore positives of a situation. 3. Absolutist thinking = sufferers think in black and white terms.
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What is a self schema?
A self schema is a package of information we have about ourselves, developed through experience. We use schemas to interpret the world.
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What is a negative triad?
A person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves cause of 3 types of negative thinking that occur automatically; negative thoughts about the world, the future and ones self.
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What did beck say caused depression?
A cognitive vulnerability.
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What were 3 parts to cognitive vulnerability?
Negative self schemas, faulty information processing and Negative triad.
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What is faulty information processing?
Depressing thinking is distorted in so far as individuals selectively attend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positive. Faulty information processing occurs as people rely on pre-existing beliefs or schemas.
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What did Ellis propose poor mental health is a result of?
Irrational thoughts = depression.
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What was Ellis' model called?
The ABC model
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What does A stand for?
A = activating events. Situations/external factors that trigger irrational beliefs.
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what does B stand for?
B = Beliefs. e.g we must always succeed/achieve perfection (irrational)
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What does C stand for?
C = Consequence. When an activating event triggers an irrational belief, there are emotional and behavioural consequences.
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What is CBT?
CBT is a treatment for depression based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques. No more than 20 sessions over 16 weeks.
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What is the idea behind Beck's CBT?
Identify negative automatic thoughts and challenge them, re-evaluating the negative triad. Aims to identify and alter behaviours that are contributing/maintaining depression.
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what strategies could a CBT therapist use?
Behavioural activation = encourages clint to engage in pleasurable activities. Graded homework assignment = Record negative thoughts in a homework diary. Thought catching = identify negative thoughts through HW (diary) encouraged to challenge them.
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How was Ellis' model extended for CBT?
He added an D and an E. Dispute and Effects.
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How does the therapist use this model?
therapist challenges the irrational belief through vigorous debate.
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What are the 2 arguments used by therapists in Ellis' CBT?
Empirical Argument = disputing whether there is actual evidence to support negative belief. Logical argument = Disputing whether the negative thought logically follows from the facts.
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How are these arguments effective?
By challenging and changing the irrational belief, the link between negative life events and depression is broken.
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What are the 3 behavioural characteristics of depression?

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1. Activity levels = reduced levels of energy (lethargic) could withdraw from social life etc. 2. Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour = Insomnia, premature waking, increased need for sleep, increase/decrease of appetite. 3. Agression/self harm.

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what are the 3 emotional characteristics of depression?

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Card 4

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What are the 3 cognitive characteristics of depression?

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What is a self schema?

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