Demographic Trends - Birth and Fertility Rate

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Birth Rate
The number of live birthss per 1000 of the population over a year.
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Fertility Rate
The number of live births per 1000 women aged between 15-44 over a year.
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Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children women will have during their fertile years.
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Birth Rate - Trends
General decline since 1900 but fluctuations have occured eg; baby booms after the wars, since 2001 a slight rise.
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Fertility Rate - Trends
General decline, fluctuations have occured, in 1900-115 in 2009-63.6. Total fertility has been on the rise although there has been fluctuations. The recent rise is mainly due to immigrant families.
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Explanations- Changes in the Position of Women
Sue Sharpe- changes in female aspirations which also explain the current trends with birth rate due to equal pay, contraception, divorce. Harper - improvement of girls academic achievement=big impact on birthrate- women aware of other possibilities.
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Explanations- Decline in infant mortality
1900-154/2012-4.62. due to improved living, better nutrition, improved hygiene, increase in housewifes, NHS and welfare state.
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Explanations- Children have become more expensive
Liverpool Victorias study. Before 21st birthday cost over £186,000. Parents cant afford big families. Child centred society -kids spoilt through consumerism.
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Explanations- Family Diversity
Alternative lifestyles more acceptable. Some couples find it difficult to have children due to biological factors eg; same sex,
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Impact- Emergance of Beanpole Family
Brannen. Long and thin families. People are living longer and having less children. Relaions between grandparents, parents and children become more significant.
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Impact- Family size has decreased
Women are able to have careers rather than being housewifes. Duel earner families. Family Policy Studies Centre- 20% of women choose to remain childless.
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Impact- Dependency Ratio
compares working population to state dependers. children malee up significant part of DR a fall in birth rate would reduce the burden on the working population. could lead to problems in the future- when WP retire they might not be replaced.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The number of live births per 1000 women aged between 15-44 over a year.

Back

Fertility Rate

Card 3

Front

The average number of children women will have during their fertile years.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

General decline since 1900 but fluctuations have occured eg; baby booms after the wars, since 2001 a slight rise.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

General decline, fluctuations have occured, in 1900-115 in 2009-63.6. Total fertility has been on the rise although there has been fluctuations. The recent rise is mainly due to immigrant families.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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