Dealing with offending behaviour
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- Created by: claudia.lister
- Created on: 23-10-20 11:56
custodial sentencing
where an offender spends time in a prison or other institution as a punishment for their crime.
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aims of custodial sentencing
Deterrence = being in prison should be an unpleasant experience, so should put off the offender from convicting a crime in the future, and should put off would-be offenders from committing crimes in the first place. Incapacitation = the offender being ta
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aims of custodial sentencing 2
Retribution = making the offender suffer in some way, so they are seen to be ‘paying’ for their crime.
rehabilitation = to reform the offender’s character so that they do not re-offend. could be done through training and education inside of the prison.
rehabilitation = to reform the offender’s character so that they do not re-offend. could be done through training and education inside of the prison.
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psychological effects of custodial sentencing
stress and depression.
institutionalisation = prisoners become accustomed to the prison way of life, making it hard for them to adjust to living on ‘the outside’. Prisonisation = the adoption of an ‘inmate code’, whereby certain behaviours usually seen as
institutionalisation = prisoners become accustomed to the prison way of life, making it hard for them to adjust to living on ‘the outside’. Prisonisation = the adoption of an ‘inmate code’, whereby certain behaviours usually seen as
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recidivism
re-offending.
In 2013 57% of offenders in the UK will re-offend within one year of release from an institution, and some studies have shown figures as high as 70%. The UK and US have some of the highest rates of recidivism in the world, whereas in Norway
In 2013 57% of offenders in the UK will re-offend within one year of release from an institution, and some studies have shown figures as high as 70%. The UK and US have some of the highest rates of recidivism in the world, whereas in Norway
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evaluation of custodial sentencing
The Prison Reform Trust (2014) found that 25% of women and 15% of men in prison reported signs of psychosis, supporting that custodial sentencing causes stress and depression and suggesting that it may not be suitable for psychologically vulnerable indivi
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evaluation of custodial sentencing 2
Davies and Raymond (2000) concluded that prisons do little to rehabilitate or deter offenders, and that despite this, government ministers often exaggerate the benefits of custodial sentencing to appear ‘tough on crime’.
weakens the use of prisons and si
weakens the use of prisons and si
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behaviour modification
aim to reinforce obedient or desirable behaviour in offenders, based on the behaviourist principle that all behaviour is learned (so undesirable behaviour can be ‘unlearned’).
undesirable behaviour should therefore be punished to reduce the likelihood of
undesirable behaviour should therefore be punished to reduce the likelihood of
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token economy
used in prisons.
desirable behaviours, such as avoiding conflict and keeping a cell tidy, can be rewarded with tokens (secondary reinforcers) which can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer- something desirable such as extra food or a phone call home.
no
desirable behaviours, such as avoiding conflict and keeping a cell tidy, can be rewarded with tokens (secondary reinforcers) which can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer- something desirable such as extra food or a phone call home.
no
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changing behaviour
to make this process more manageable, a desirable behaviour, such as avoiding conflict, is broken down into more achievable sub-steps, such as working well in a group.
the same behaviours would be rewarded by every person (prison officer) the offender co
the same behaviours would be rewarded by every person (prison officer) the offender co
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changing behaviour 2
Hobbs and Holt (1976) found that there was a significant difference in positive behaviours amongst a group of young offenders undergoing a token economy system, compared to a non-token economy group, suggesting it is effective in modifying behaviour.
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evaluation of token economy
only criteria needed to establish an effective token economy system is consistency from prison staff. there is no specialist training necessary. strength as easy to use.
may only be effective in the prison, as once the offender is released the rewards for
may only be effective in the prison, as once the offender is released the rewards for
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cognitive behaviour treatment
Novaco (1975) suggested that thought processes trigger emotional arousal, which then leads to aggressive or criminal acts.
anger arises more quickly. anger management aims to identify the signs which trigger anger, and learn techniques to calm down and d
anger arises more quickly. anger management aims to identify the signs which trigger anger, and learn techniques to calm down and d
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the 3 stages (1)
Cognitive preparation: the offender reflects on past experiences and actions to identify what triggers their anger and how they interpret situations.
taught to try to interpret such situations differently.
taught to try to interpret such situations differently.
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the 3 stages (2)
Skill acquisition: offenders are taught a range of techniques to help them deal with anger and to approach anger-triggering situations differently. they may include positive self-talk, communicating more effectively, and relaxation techniques.
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the 3 stages (3)
Application practice: offenders practise their skills through techniques such as role play, where previous anger-inducing situations are re-enacted by the therapist and offender, in order to use more rational and calm responses.
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evaluation of anger management
involves cognitive, behavioural and social techniques, recognising the complexity of anger as an emotional response.
therefore strengthens the technique as a way of dealing with offending behaviour.
therefore strengthens the technique as a way of dealing with offending behaviour.
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evaluation of anger management 2
aims to change the cognitive causes of anger, rather than superficially changing behaviour.
this technique should be more likely to lead to long-lasting behavioural change. the evidence for this is very limited, perhaps because the role play situations c
this technique should be more likely to lead to long-lasting behavioural change. the evidence for this is very limited, perhaps because the role play situations c
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evaluation of anger management 3
Loza and Loza-Fanous (1999) found no difference in levels of anger amongst violent and non-violent offenders.
anger management is a limited technique to deal with offending behaviour.
anger management is a limited technique to deal with offending behaviour.
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restorative justice
an offender reconciles with the victim of their crime, so that they see the impact of what they have done.
victims take an active role in this process, and offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for the effect of their crime.
victims take an active role in this process, and offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for the effect of their crime.
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restorative justice 2
involves a managed programme of collaboration between offender and victim. Supervised meetings are held with a mediator, where the victim can explain to the offender the effects of the crime on them and the emotional distress caused. allows the offender t
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key features of restorative justice
focus on acceptance of responsibility, rather than punishment
victims and offenders meet outside of a courtroom setting
active, not passive, involvement of all parties
focus on positive outcomes for the survivor and offender
victims and offenders meet outside of a courtroom setting
active, not passive, involvement of all parties
focus on positive outcomes for the survivor and offender
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evaluation of restorative justice
flexible and can be changed to adapt to the needs of those involved, which is a strength of this method of dealing with offending behaviour.
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evaluation of restorative justice 2
may not lead to positive outcomes, if the offender is motivated by a desire to avoid prison (rather than remorse) or if the victim is motivated by revenge or retribution.
may not be suitable for all crimes.
may not be suitable for all crimes.
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evaluation of restorative justice 3
can be expensive, required skilled, trained professionals, time-consuming and have high drop-out rates.
the use of them in dealing with offending behaviour may be much less cost-effective than other methods.
the use of them in dealing with offending behaviour may be much less cost-effective than other methods.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
aims of custodial sentencing
Back
Deterrence = being in prison should be an unpleasant experience, so should put off the offender from convicting a crime in the future, and should put off would-be offenders from committing crimes in the first place. Incapacitation = the offender being ta
Card 3
Front
aims of custodial sentencing 2
Back
Card 4
Front
psychological effects of custodial sentencing
Back
Card 5
Front
recidivism
Back
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