D1 Terminology

Some terminology from D1 - I don't know what exam board, so some of it might be D2. It's mostly stuff on graphs and networks - there's a little on the simplex method at the end, but not much

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  • Created by: emily
  • Created on: 19-01-13 15:05
Algorithm
A set of precise instructions which will solve a problem if followed
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Properties of an algorithm
Each stage must be defined precisely;l there must be no ambiguity in any instruction; there must be a finite set of instructions; the algorithm must work for any values that are input
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Flow diagrams: oval boxes
Start, Stop, Input. or Output
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Flow diagrams: square boxes
Operations to be carried
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Flow diagrams: diamond boxes
Questions, or Decisions
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Graph
A finite number of points connected by lines
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Verticies / Nodes
The points on a graphs
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Edges / Arcs
The lines on a graph
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Network / Weighted graph
A graph with a number associated to each edge representing time, distance, cost etc.
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Connected vertices
Vertices joined by an edge
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Connected Graph
A graph where all vertices are connected
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Fully connected / Complete graph
A graph where each vertex is connected at least once to every other vertex
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Loop
An edge with the same vertex at each end
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Simple graph
A graph with no loops, and where at most one edge connects any pair of vertices
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Degree / Order /Valency of a vertex
The number of edges connected to the vertex
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Directed graph / Digraph
A graph that has directed edges
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Bipartite graph
A graph with two sets of vertices, with edges that only connect vertices from one set to another
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Trail / Walk
A sequence of edges of a graoph such that the second vertex of each edge is the first vertex of the next edge, with no edge included more than once
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Path
A trail in which no vertex is visited moer than once, except that the first vertex may be the last
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Cycle / Circuit
A closed path with at least one edge, where its first vertex must be its last
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hamilton cycle
A cycle that visits every vertex of a graph
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Number of permutations of a Hamilton cycle
0.5 x (n - 1)!
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Tree
A connected graph with no cycles
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Spanning Tree
A tree that connects all the vertices of a graph
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Minimum spanning tree / Minimum connector
The spanning tree of minimum weight for that network
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Adjacency / Incidence matrix
A matrix representing a graph
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Planar graph
A graph that can be drawn without any arcs intersecting
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Eulerian trail
A trail that uses every edge of a graph. Each node must have an even degree
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Semi-Eulerian trail
A non-closed Eulerian trail - it doesn't finish at the start vertex. It must have exactly 2 odd vertices, where it must start and finish
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Traversable / Eulerian graph
A graph where it is possible to trace each edge once in a single trail. It must have no odd vertices.
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Edge set
A set of edges
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Vertex set
A set of vertices
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Subgraph
A subset pf the vertices together with a subset of the edges
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Isomorphic graphs
Two (or more) graphs that can be deformed to make each other - vertices can be moved and the edges straightened or bent to do this
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Comparison
Where you compare two values
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Swap
Where you swap the positions of two side-by-side values
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Upper bound
a value that exists but may be improved upon
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Lower bound
The smallest integer greater than or equal to the result
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Heuristic algorithm
An algorithm that attemots to find the best solution
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The complexity of an algorithm
The extent to which the number of possibilities increases as the size of the problem increases
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The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)
Find a route of minimum weight which visits every vertex in an undirected network
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Tour
A cycle which visits every vertex and returns to the start vertex
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An upper bound for the total length of the solution to the practical travelling salesman problem
Twice the length of the minimum spanning tree
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The Route Inspection / Chinese Postman Problem
Find a minimum weight route which traverses every edge of a given connected network at least once
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Activity
A task which needs to be done and takes a given amount of time/resources to complete. It is represented by the edge of a graph
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Event
The start or finish of one of more activities. It is represented in a graph by a vertex
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Precedence table
A table that shows which activities need to be done together, their duration and their immediate predecessors
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Precedence network
A network showing a sequence of activities; it must have a start node and a finish node. Events are numbered so thatthe activity ends at a higher numbered event than it started at.
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Dummy activity
An activity of zero length so that no two activities have the same start and finish events
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Critical path
the longest path from source node to sink node
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Earliest start time
The earliest time that you can arrive at event i with all the incoming activities completed
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Latest start time
The latest time at which an activity can start
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Earliest finish time
The earliest possible time at which an activity can finish
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Latest finish time
The latest time you can leave event i without extending the length of the critical path
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Slack
The allowable delay at an event
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Total float
The maximum posible delat that can be incurred in the processing of the activity without increasing the length of the critical path
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Independant float
The float that does not affect other activities
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Interfering float
The float that is shared between two or more activities
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Critical activities
Activities which have zero float. Their timing is critical if the project is to be compoleted in the minimum time. They will form the critical path through the network
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Flow network / Transmission system
A network representing a system of flows, such as liquids, gases or information
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Cut (Flow networks)
A division / partition of the vertices of a flow network into two sets, one containing the source and one containing the sink
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Capacity of a cut
The sum of capacities of all edges which connect a vertex in the source set to a vertex in the sink set
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Max flow-min cut theorem
The maximum total flkow that can be established through a flow network is equal to the capacity of the minimum cut
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Excess capcacity
The amount by which the flow along the edge may be increased
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Back capacity
The amount by which flow along the edge may be reduced
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Flow augmenting path
A path from source to wink along which each edge has some unused capacity and so the flow along this path may be increased
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Objective function
The function of the decision variables which is to be optimised
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Feasible solution
Any pair of values, x and y, which satisfy all the constraints in a linear programming problem
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Feasible region
The region which contains all feasible solutions
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The Simplex Method
The algebraic method for solving linear programming problems
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A linear programming problem in standard form
Maximise (ax + by + cz) subject to the constraints (ax + by + cz (smaller than or equal to) d)
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Matching
A bipartite graph in which every vertex has at most one edge connected to it and no two edges have a common vertex
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Maximal matching
A matching in which the number of edges is as larfe as possible
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Complex matching
A matching in which there are n vertices in each vertex set and n edges
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Each stage must be defined precisely;l there must be no ambiguity in any instruction; there must be a finite set of instructions; the algorithm must work for any values that are input

Back

Properties of an algorithm

Card 3

Front

Start, Stop, Input. or Output

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Operations to be carried

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Questions, or Decisions

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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