Cross Culture 3

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We are going to focus on what cultural differences
Communication, Intimate relationships, family arrangement, the eco cultural framework and the pace of life
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who was one of the key theorists for culture differences in communication
Hall
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what did he find
Individualistic cultures tend to communicate in a direct way, Collectivist cultures tend to communication in an indirect way
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direct communication is also called what
Low-context communication
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give an example of a direct communication
'can i have some water please'
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there is emphasis on what 3 things
clarity, self expression and saying what you mean
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indirect communication is also called what
high-context communication
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give an example of indirect communication
'would you like some water'
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there is emphasis on what 2 things
keeping harmony, reading between the lines
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What research is relevant to this
cultural differences in display rules on emotion
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Friesen showed who, what
US and Japanese participants, a video of bodily mutilation
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what did he measure
facial expression of disgust
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what did he find
when alone, facial expression where equal, when in group, Japanese showed less facial expression
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how does this evidence relate to that on communication
Japanese, i.e collectivist culture, did not display negative emotion because it would disrupt harmony
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what is the following question
How do people in collectivist cultures communicate with each other
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give evidence that might answer this
Americans had low threshold for facial expressions shown through inference of pictures , Japanese had very high threshold for facial expressions shown through inference of pictures
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Semin and Rubini studied what part of communication
Insults
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which country did she study
Italy
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which areas
North, central and South
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the north had more of a ______ culture
Individualist
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they had more _____ insults
direct
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the south had more a _______ culture
collectivist culture
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they had more ______ insults
relational (i.e sister or mother)
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how much percent of marriages in the world are arranged
55%
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give 4 benefits of arranged marriages
preserve social harmony, creates beneficial political and economic link between families, rational rather than emotional choice, social and economic protection
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Levine et al gave a survey asking what
about getting married to someone who had all the qualities you desired but you were NOT in love with
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people in individualistic cultures said __ and people in collectivist cultures said __
no, yes
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but what was a stronger influencer that individualistic or collectivist cultures
richer countries said no, poorer countries said yes
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Buss studied what
preference for mates
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in how many cultures
37
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what was the most important in all
love
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what was the biggest difference
chastity
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a factor analysis was done on this data, how many were found
4
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what were these 4 factors
love vs status & resource. Dependence vs health & good looks. Intelligence vs Home. Sociability vs religion.
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which countries tended to go with the all the first parts
richer
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which countries tended to go with the all the second parts
poorer
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what is the big question
what is love
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some researchers have suggest what
love means different things in different cultures
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How might individualistic and collectivist views of love differ
individualistic = romance, collectivist = companionship
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Rothbaum et al found what difference in US and Chinese love songs
US = happiness, Chinese = suffering
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Lee found ____ of love
colours
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how do these colours differentiate
primary and secondary colours
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what are the 3 primary colours of love
Eros (romantic) Storge (companionship) Ludus (game playing)
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if you mix these primary love you get what
secondary colours
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what are 3 secondary colours of love
Agape (selfless), Pragma (shopping list), Mania (insecure)
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however this theory is all what
Western
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but these styles were turned into a what
questionnaire
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it was given to how many countries
8
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there were barely any difference in the prevalence of what type of loves
Eros, Agape, Mania
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What is the key difference in family structures in cultures
the idea of a family
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what type of family ideas can there be
Nuclear or extended family
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what is a nuclear family
mum, dad, children
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in which countries is this most prevalent idea of family
North America, North Europe
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also in what societies?
hunter-gatherer
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what is a extended family
mum, dad, children PLUS grandma, cousins etc
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in which countries is this most prevalent idea of family
rest of world
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also in which societies?
agrarian
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what are the two key family processes
control and warmth
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warmth is what
culturally universal
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parental control is highest in what cultures
collectivist, power distance, poorer
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they are socialised to be what
obedient
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why do they have children
economic value
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so how many children do they have
loads
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parental control is lowest in what cultures
individualist, low power distance, richer
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they are socialised to be what
autonomy
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why do they have children
psychological value
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so how many children do they have
less
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what is the relationship between control and warmth
mixed. control and less warmth, control and more warmth
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what are the two types of acquiring culture
socialisation and enculturation
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what is the eco-cultural frameworks idea
cultures are adaptations to circumstances
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what is the eco-cultural frameworks aim
to measure and compare ecological context and socio-political context
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what ecological variables mattered in terms of differences in psychology
affluence and religion
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poorer nations find what ecological values more important
basic needs
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people are happiest in what temp countries
very cold or very hot
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where was police violence the worst
in moderate temperate countries
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pace of life is higher in what cultures
richer, individualistic, colder
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pace of life is lower in what cultures
poorer
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high pace of life had what consequences
greater well-being, more smokers, more death from heart disease
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Card 2

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who was one of the key theorists for culture differences in communication

Back

Hall

Card 3

Front

what did he find

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

direct communication is also called what

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

give an example of a direct communication

Back

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