Cross Culture 2

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what are 2 main issues with cultural differences research
culture is seen as a black box/an IV and participants are assumed to reflect their cultural norm
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what are 2 main sampling issues with cultural differences reserach
most of it is opportunistic and mainly students
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we need to stop relying on _____ and start to measure _____
national membership, cultural orientation
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cultural orientation can be see as a what
mediator
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draw the mediation model
...
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what is a problem with this
cultural syndrome
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what is cultural syndrome
culture is a multitude of beliefs, values, attitudes etc
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cultural syndromes are present at a ______ of analysis but not at a _______ of analysis
cultural level, individual level
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who revolutionised the view on cultural differences
Markus and Kitayama
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what was their theory called
the theory of self construals
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explain the theory in a sentence
Eastern and Western cultures differ in the relative prevalence of independent and interdependent self construals
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they believe people in different cultures have different what
self construals
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self construals of who
self, others, interdependence of the two
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who does interdependent mean
in relation to others
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draw the prototypical independent self construal
...
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this would be found where
Western cultures
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draw the prototypical interdependent self construal
...
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this would be found where
Eastern cultures
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they believed that these self construals influence or determine what
Cognitions, emotions and motivations
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give evidence for cognition
compares to Americans, Asians had more interpersonal knowledge, and their knowledge was also more context specific
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what were their prediction for emotions
Western would see more ego focused emotions and Eastern would see more other focused emotions
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give 3 examples of ego focused emotions
pride, anger, frustration
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give 3 examples of other focused emotions
sympathy, togetherness, shame
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give 3 differences in motivations
self expression vs self restraint. individual achievement vs group achievement. self enhancement vs modesty.
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what two tests can measure self construals
twenty statement test (e.g i am ...) or likert rating scale
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singelies and sharkey compared what
self construals and embarrassability
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what did they find
Asian Americans had more interdependent self construals and high embarrassability and European Americans had more independent self construals and lower embarrassability
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how did this evidence give support to the mediation model
Self construals could predict embarrassability, when you controlled for it, national membership could not predict embarrasability
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what is a major problem with all of this
in most studies, western and eastern cultures do not differ as expected
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give 4 possible explanations why
inadequate measures, inadquate sample, need implicit measures, theory is wrong
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so Kitayama made what
A revised perspective
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In the revised perspective, what influenced cognition, emotions and motivations
a cultural mandate
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this sounds an awful lot like who
Hofstede and Schwatz
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who revisited the dimensions of self-construals
Vignoles et al
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they did not find 2 factors but __
7
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were these found on a individual level or cultural level
both
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looking at self construals is still problematic, why
its based on the self, which is already an independent bias
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what is alternative to focus on self construals
beliefs about personhood
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what is the western and eastern relationship with the fundamental attribution bias
Western more, Eastern less
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there is little cultural difference for what
dispositionalism
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what is dispositionalism
people have internal characteristics which motivate behaviour
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there is cultural difference for what
situationism
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what is situationism
the importance of the situationism
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who focuses more on situationism
Eastern
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Easterns also see what that Westerns dont
group agency
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there are not just differences in how people look at _____ but how people look at ______
people, everything
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Easterns tend to have what type of thinking
holistic
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Westerns tend to have what type of thinking
analytic
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what is a new study of interest
Bi-cultuarality
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if they were given western primes they were more likely to make __________ inferences and if they were given chinese primes they were more lilkey to make _________
dispositional, western
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this means cultures are what
flexible di
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differences in behaviour may depend on ______ not _______ of cultural knowledge
accessibility, availability
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are 2 main sampling issues with cultural differences reserach

Back

most of it is opportunistic and mainly students

Card 3

Front

we need to stop relying on _____ and start to measure _____

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

cultural orientation can be see as a what

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

draw the mediation model

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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