Physical disorder - graffiti, vandalism. Social disorder - use of drugs, gangs. Disorder causes fear of crime. Lack of social cohesion.
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Zero tolerance policy
1. Address all types of criminal acts. 2. Police officers confident to tackle low level crimes. 3. Low-level crime tackled with low intensity methods.
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Zero tolerance - Effectiveness
Dennis & Mallon (1997) - Crime in Hartlepool dropped by 27% and other offences by 56%.
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Zero tolerance - Critiscms
Crime rates fallen since 1990's in UK and USA without use of tactics - NYC - 7,000 polic employed. Pollard (1998) suggests alienating local communities.
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Newman (1972) Van Dyke & Brownsville - Aim
To find out why high-rise buildings lead to higher crime areas.
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Newman (1972) Van Dyke & Brownsville - Participants
288 people per acre. Brownsville & Van Dyke.
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Newman (1972) Van Dyke & Brownsville - Procedure
Quasi. Tape recorded people having argument and played in corridors of B and VD. Observed different behaviours.
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Newman (1972) Van Dyke & Brownsville - Findings
VD locked doors and turned up TV's. B challenged them and came out to listen.
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Newman (1972) Van Dyke & Brownsville - Conclusion
4 key factors to create defensible space.
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Defensible Space
Zone of territorial influence, Opportunities for surveillance, Image, Milieu.
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Zone of territorial influence
Should be markers to show private areas e.g. fences.
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Opportunities for surveillance
Physical layout so intruders easily spotted and CCTV.
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Image
High rise buildings lack individuality. Personalisation means privacy.
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Milieu
Open spaces attract vandalism than organised personal spaces e.g. courtyard.
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Defensible space - Effectiveness
Clarson Point Project. In cement unkempt area 30% vacancy, residents were fearful of crime. Area for all ages crime dropped by 54% in 1st year. Robber fell and 50% instead of 27% felt safe.
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Defensible space - Criticsms
Reputations affect crime and appearance, doesn't stop unstable community. Police could help.
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Broken Windows Theory
1. Disorder and crime produces fear within community. 2. Communities withdraw which weakens social controls. 3. Disorder increases fear within citizens. 4. Tackle minor offences. 5. Simpler way to prevent major offences.
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Zimbardo's Research
Supports theory as shows differences in community and crime rates affecting other crimes.
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Bronx & Palo Alto
Bronx - Group 1 - car without license plates and bonnet up. Palo - Group 2 - same as group 1. Group 1 vandalised quickly but group 2 untouched for more than a week until Zimbardo intervened then vandalised few hours after.
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Link to Social Area 1
Other people influence behaviour - other people committing crimes influences us to commit crimes too.
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Link to Social Area 2
Situations we are in influence behaviour - people are in disorderly neighbourhood more likely to commit crimes.
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Link to Social Area 3
All behaviour occurs in social context - even when citizens don't see somebody vandalising they notice the mess and act in criminal way.
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Link to Social Area 4
Our relationships with others influence behaviour -relationship with police decreases crime & feel safer. Good community means more respect.
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Individual vs. Situational
Situational as shows how if situation deemed safe people less likely to commit crimes.
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Usefulness
Helps people to feel safe in their community and how to prevent crime.
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Free will vs. Determinism
Deterministic as says people's behaviour is determined by social factors and police presence.
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Psychology as a science
Isn't scientific as a theory but collects quantitative data about crime rates which is extraneous. Lacks controls.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Zero tolerance policy
Back
1. Address all types of criminal acts. 2. Police officers confident to tackle low level crimes. 3. Low-level crime tackled with low intensity methods.
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