Criminal Psychology
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- Created by: jai-li
- Created on: 28-09-20 11:48
Operant conditioning
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1948), Learning from the consequences of actions
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Positive reinforcement
Receiving something pleasant for a behavioral, so we repeat it
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Negative reinforcement
The avoidance of something unpleasant, so we do it again
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Positive punishment
Receiving something something unpleasant for a behavior so we do not repeat it again
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Negative punishment
Removing something pleasant so we do not repeat the behavior again
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Primary reinforcer
A reinforced that satisfies a biological need
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Secondary reinforcer
A reinforced of no survival value but we've learned to associate it with a primary reinforcer
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Strengths of operant conditioning
Can be used to explain wide range of crimes, and some murders. Explains punishment can remove undesirable behaviour
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Weaknesses of operant conditioning
Doesnt explain all crimes, more complicated than a reward or punishment, sometimes genetics. Behaviour can be reproduced without rewards and punishments, doesnt consider alternative motive for crimes
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Social learning theory
Behavior is learned through the observation and imitation of role models
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Modelling
Learning new behaviours through paying attention, retaining and reproducing behaviour of a role model
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Observational learning
Learning new behaviours through watching and modeling a role model
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Role model
A person who we admire or share similar characteristics
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Identification + Modelling: ATTENTION
In order to learn something new, you must be able to and want to pay attention to it
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Identification + Modelling: RETENTION
Able to store or retain new behavior in memory
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Identification + Modelling: REPRODUCTION
Model new behaviour by reproducing it, may need practice
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Identification + Modelling: MOTIVATION
More likely to model if motivated to reproduce it, either intrinsic or vicarious
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Identification + Modelling: IDENTIFICATION
When behaviour, beliefs, and values of role model of group adopted
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Intrinsic reinforcement
Gain pleasure from copying behaviour
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Vicarious reinforcement
Motivation to model behaviours of others who are being rewarded
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Strengths of social learning theory
Supporting evidence - Banduras Bobo Doll, observational learning explains behaviour in absence of reinforcement.
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Weaknesses of social learning theory
Supporting studies only measure short term effect, cannot be tested in realife situations, some criminal behaviour cant be explained be observational learning eg: murder
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Personality theory
Set of characteristics that determine what we are like, eg:temperament has a biologiical basis and could determine criminal behaviour
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Temperament
The nature someone is born with which affects their behaviour
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Hans Eysenk (1964)
Studied different personality traits and suggested certain characteristics could be more prone to criminality
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Extraversion
Behaviour that is outgoing, sensation seeking and sociable, extreme end
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Introversion
Behaviour that is reserved, calm and quiet, extreme end
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Neuroticism
Refers to nervous disposition of someone
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Unstable neuroticism
Personality traits associated with being over reactive in stressful situations, over emotional and anxious
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Stable neuroticism
A personality trait associated with being unreactive in stressful situations and emotionally unaffected
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Psychoticism
A personality trait that is cold, lacks empathy, is antisocial and can be aggressive
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Eysenck's personality questionnaire (EPQ)
A questionnaire to measure extraversion, introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Receiving something pleasant for a behavioral, so we repeat it
Back
Positive reinforcement
Card 3
Front
The avoidance of something unpleasant, so we do it again
Back
Card 4
Front
Receiving something something unpleasant for a behavior so we do not repeat it again
Back
Card 5
Front
Removing something pleasant so we do not repeat the behavior again
Back
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