6. Reduction and Retribution are the 2 main justifications for what?
Deviance
Education
Punishment
Crime
7. Garland argues that the UK and USA are into an era of...
Deception
Graffiti-related crimes
Mass incarceration
Mugging
8. If you have been a victim, you are likely to be one again. This definition is known as what?
Repeat victimisation
Bad luck
Victimisational de ja vu
The victimisation cycle
9. An example of disciplinary power is a design of prison cells known as:
Panocendric
Monoptican
Panoptican
Onomatapoeic
10. A modern example of Social and Community Crime Prevention is...
Orchid View Care Home
None of the options mentioned
The Perry Pre-School Project for disadvantaged black children in Ypsilanti, Michigan
The Ryder High School Movement for disadvantaged black teenagers in Fresno, California
11. Which of the following is not a criticism of SCP?
It ignores causes of crime (poverty or poor socialisation), so hard to develop long-term crime reduction strategies.
Assumes rational choice calculation happens, yet some crimes are impulsive.
Chaiken et al: Designing out NY roberries didn't happen, it merely displaced them.
Clarke: rational choice theory exists.
It focuses on opportunistic petty crimes, ignores costly & harmful white collar, corporate and state crimes.
12. Retribution is 'paying back'. It's justification for punishing criminals, who deserve it for breaking society's...
Unity
Value consensus
Moral codes
Togetherness
13. Feminists argue that women don't stay at home during fear of victimisation for safety, but rather because of their psychological state. E.g.
Staying at home has led to insanity, but they still fear going outside.
The threat of patriarchal violence they could face from men.
They aren't aware of the outside world, so don't want to venture away from home.
If they have mental issues, they are likely to not be allowed out from care home etc.
14. Christie argues that the 'victim' is socially constructed (isn't accurate) to create stereotypes of an 'ideal victim'. Which of the following is not a stereotype?
Weak
Innocent
Strong
Elderly
Young
15. A fear of victimisation is often irrational e.g. women fear going out at night, even if men are more likely to be victims. Which study supports this?
McRobbie (1978)
Ansley (1976)
Beck (1992)
McRobbie (2002)
16. Social and Community Crime Prevention is argued by Left Realists. True or False?
True
False
17. The study of victims is known as...
Victimology
Victimisational studies
Victim-based studies
Victimography
18. Situational Crime Prevention is argued by which perspective?
Functionalism
Left Realism
Right Realism
Marxism
19. Reduction prevents future crime through 3 methods. Which of the following is not one of these methods?
Rehabilitation
Assimilation
Deterrence
Incapacitation
20. According to Marx, which 'state apparatus' maintains the existing social order through force?
