Prior to the 1970s both gender and ethnicity had been relatively ignored in relation to crime.
1 of 23
Croall (1998)
Irish considered to be the 'dangerous' class in 19th century.
2 of 23
Merton (1968)
Strain Theory: Based on the concept that the American Dream is what everyone is striving for.
3 of 23
Merton (1968)
When you can not have the American Dream, you feel status frustration. Anomie arises when many have the legitimate means of reaching this goal removed.
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Becker (1963)
Labelling Theory: If a group has been labelled as a 'problem' then the group is more likely to internalise that label and it will become a self - fulfilling prop
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Waddington (2004)
Police stop more black minorities as they are out in the evenings, in city centres.
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Waddington (2004)
They are targeted because of their location, not their ethnicity.
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Shaw and Mckay (1949)
Concentric circle model.
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Phillips and Bowling (2012)
Recent years have seen an increase in public anxiety about gun crime.
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Hallsworth and Young (2008)
The media is to blame because the over representation of ethnic minorities as criminals in the media means that more ethnic minority individuals commit more crime.
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Hall and Gilroy (1989)
The crime rates are explained by structural factors: Housing, Poverty and Unemployment.
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Lea and Young (1984)
CJS is racist, but doesn't fully explain the difference in statistics.
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Lea and Young (1984)
Causes of crime: Relative Deprivation, Subculture and Marginalisation. These are the explanations for the over representation of ethnic minorities at each stage in the CJS.
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Gilroy (1983)
The myth of black criminality is based on stereotypes.
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Stuart Hall (1979)
Content analysis of newspaper findings which argue there is scapegoating of this ethnic minority group.
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Gilroy (1983)
Argues that police racism is a post - colonial struggle.
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Bowling (2007)
Found that police officers had a negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities.
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Chambliss (1994)
Racist police strategies: Observed policing of 'black' areas of the city with more aggression and suspicion than 'white' areas.
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Chambliss (1994)
Racist police strategies: Stopped more Black males than White - especially if in expensive/new cares believing them to be drug dealers.
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Asian Criminality (1980 - 1990)
Ethnographic research began, after previous research had traditionally found that Asian communities are close knit, self regulating, passive and inward looking.
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Bowling and Phillips (2002)
Ethnographic research helped to explain the relatively low offending statistics for this group.
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Mawby and Batta (1980)
Most Asian families were poor, working class and lived in the inner city. Therefore they should commit more crime, but izzat stops them from doing so.
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Mawby and Batta (1980)
However, small groups of males are moving around town and rebelling against the parent culture. Taking more risks and a more aggressive stance in combating racist attacks.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Irish considered to be the 'dangerous' class in 19th century.
Back
Croall (1998)
Card 3
Front
Strain Theory: Based on the concept that the American Dream is what everyone is striving for.
Back
Card 4
Front
When you can not have the American Dream, you feel status frustration. Anomie arises when many have the legitimate means of reaching this goal removed.
Back
Card 5
Front
Labelling Theory: If a group has been labelled as a 'problem' then the group is more likely to internalise that label and it will become a self - fulfilling prop
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