Crime & Deviance: Topic 9

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  • Created by: Ashley2K
  • Created on: 17-06-17 17:45
What is situational crime prevention?
Situational crime prevention is a 'pre-emptive approach' that relies not on improving society or its institutions, but simply on reducing opportunities for crime.
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Give one criticism of situational crime prevention.
It is argued that situational crime prevention only displaces crime rather than reducing it.
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What is environmental crime prevention?
Environmental crime prevention includes phrases such as 'broken windows' to explain how environmental damage can reflect it sends a signal nobody cares.
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What is zero tolerance policing?
The zero tolerance policing method is the strategy of repairing any broken windows immediately and towing abandoned cars without delay, the police must also proactively tackle even the slightest sign of disorder, even if not criminal.
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How was the zero tolerance policing policy implemented in New York?
A clean car program was successful, cars were taken out of service immediately if they had any graffiti on them, only returning once clean.
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What are the three justifications of punishing offenders?
1. Deterrence: punishing the individual discourages others 2. Rehabilitation 3. Incapacitation: removing the offender's capacity to offend.
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What is retribution?
Retribution means 'paying pack' and is a justification for punishing crimes that have already been committed, rather than preventing future crimes.
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What does Durkheim suggest the purpose of punishment is?
Durkheim suggests the purpose of punishment is to uphold social solidarity and reinforce shared values.
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What do Marxists believe the function of punishment is?
To maintain the existing social order.
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What two forms of punishment does Foucalt identify?
1. Sovereign power: before the 19th century the monarch had power over people and their bodies. Inflicting punishment on the body was the means of asserting control 2. Disciplinary power: becomes dominant from the 19th century, the new system
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What two forms of punishment does Foucalt identify? (2)
governs the body and the mind and soul through surveillance.
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What is imprisonment regarded as?
Imprisonment is regarded as the most severe form of punishment, however it is not proved to be an effective method of rehabilitation, about two thirds of prisoners commit further crimes on release.
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What does David Garland argue the USA and UK are moving towards?
He argues they are moving towards an era of mass incarceration. The number of prisons has risen massively since the 1970s with there being 1.5M state and federal prisoners in the USA. He argues that once figures reach these proportions 'it ceases to
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What does David Garland argue the USA and UK are moving towards? (2)
be the incarceration of individual offenders and becomes the systematic imprisonment of whole groups of the population.
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What is transcarceration?
Transcarceration is the idea of individuals becoming locked into a cycle of control, shifting between carceral agencies during their lives, e.g. someone being brought up in care, sent to a young offenders institution and then an adult prison, this is
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What is transcarceration? (2)
arguably a product of the blurring of boundaries between criminal justice and welfare agencies.
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What was a major goal in dealing with young offenders in the past?
They tried using 'diversion' i.e. diverting them away from contact with the criminal justice system to avoid the risk of a self-fulfilling prophecy, for example, community-based curfews and community service orders.
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How does the United Nations define victims of crime?
They define crimes as those who have suffered harm (including mental, physical or emotional suffering, economic loss and impairment of their basic rights.
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What is positivist victimology?
Positivist victimology aims to identify the factors that produce patterns in victimisation, especially those that make some individuals or groups more likely to be victims. Early studies focus on the idea of victim proneness, identifying social and
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What is positivist victimology? (2)
psychological characteristics of victims that make them different from non-victims.
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What is criminal victimology?
It focuses on structural factors: such as patriarchy and poverty placing women at greater risk of victimisation 2. The states power to apply of deny the label of victim: suggesting victims are a social construct in the same way crime is.
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Give some examples of patterns in victimisation?
1. Class: poorest groups likely to be victimised 2. Age: younger people more likely to be murdered 3. Ethnicity: minority groups 4. Gender
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Give one criticism of situational crime prevention.

Back

It is argued that situational crime prevention only displaces crime rather than reducing it.

Card 3

Front

What is environmental crime prevention?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is zero tolerance policing?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How was the zero tolerance policing policy implemented in New York?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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