Crime and Deviance Sociologists

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  • Created by: Megnicpip
  • Created on: 10-06-19 20:38
Media and Moral Panics: McRobbie
Outdated...no single universal response...now routine and have less impact
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Media and Moral Panics: Thornton
Entered everyday language and now an overused concept
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Media and Moral Panics: Cohen
Folk devils lead to a deviance amplification spiral
3 of 155
Media and Cultural Criminology: Hayward and Young
blurring between image and reality...'media scape'...we live in a media saturated society
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Media and Backwards Law: Mandel
10 billion crime thrillers sold worldwide from 1945-1984
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Media and Backwards Law: Greer and Reiner
Over exaggerate police effectiveness....emphasise individual incidents
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Media and Backwards Law: Surette
Presents images of crime that are opposite to the truth
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Media as a Cause of Crime: Fenwick and Hayward
Crime is portrayed and marketed as romantic, exciting, cool and fashionable
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Media as a Cause of Crime: Schramm et al
For some intensive television use is harmful
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Media as a Cause of Crime: Merton
Pressure to conform creates deviant behaviour
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Media as a Cause of Crime: Gerbener et al
Heavy users of television had higher levels of fear of crime
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Media as a Cause of Crime: Livingstone
People are preoccupied with the negative effects on children
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Media as a Cause of Crime: Left Realists
Increase sense of relative deprivation
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Media as a Cause of Crime: Tumber
Greater fear of being a victim amongst heavy users of television
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Media and Consumer Spectacle: Hayward and Young
Advertisers have turned images of crime into tools for selling products
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Media Representations of Crime: Ditton et al
46% of media is on violent and sexual crime
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Media Representations of Crime: Marsh
Violent crime is 36 times more likely to be reported
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Media Representations of Crime: Greer
Exaggerate the extent of violent crime
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Media Representations of Crime: Cohen and Young
News is not discovered but manufactured
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Media Representations of Crime: Ericson et al
45-71% of quality press and radio was about various forms of deviance
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Media Representations of Crime: Williams and Dickinson
Up to 30% of British papers are devoted to crime
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Cyber Crime: Jewkes
Internet creates new opportunities for new crimes
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Cyber Crime: Thomas and Loader
Conducted through global electronic works
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Cyber Crime: Wallis
Identifies categories:-global-***********-violence-trespass
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Negotiation of Justice: Cicourel
Police decisions can be influenced by the way they view the delinquent..justcie is not fixed but negotiable..positive attitude means you are more likely to talk yourself out of trouble
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Labelling Theory: Becker
People are moral entreprenaurs...social construction.....creates outsiders and expansion of a social control agency
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Statistics of Crime: Feminsists
Do not reflect true rates of crime
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Statistics of Crime: Left Realist
Cannot be simply rejected as inaccurate
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Statistics of Crime: Marxists
Reflects the interests of the ruling class...reflect inequalities and scapegoating
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Statistics of Crime: Interpetivisim
Crime statistics are socially constructed
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Statistics of Crime: Positivism
Uncritical acceptance of statistics
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Labelling Theory: Lemert
Primary deviance leads to secondary deviance leading to a deviance amplification spiral
32 of 155
Labelling Theory: Braithwaite
Disintegrative shaming which is publically labelled and reintegrative shaming which is back into society
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Labelling Theory: Young
Hippy Marijuana users-drugs were not initially part of their identity
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Mental Illness: Attkinson
Coroners labels are 'taken for granted' assumptions
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Mental Illness: Goffman
In asylums, on admission undergo mortification of self through degradation of self..some are institutionalised others are resistant
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Mental Illness: Braginski
Inmates manipulate their symptoms so they cannot be discharged but free to roam the setting
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Mental Illness: Douglas
Suicides can be labelled differently by different social actors..they tell us nothing about meanings
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Mental Illness: Rosenham
admit themselves to hospitals as schizophrenic..despite actually acting normal...staff saw their note taking as a symptom
39 of 155
Ethnicity and Justice System: Ministry of Justice
Whites are more likely to be convicted of serious offences..blacks are given longer sentences for burglary
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Ethnicity and Justice System: Ministry of Justice
Blacks make up a much higher population of arrests
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Ethnicity and Justice System: Rollock
Only 4% of police officers were from ethnic minority backgrounds
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Ethnicity and Justice System: Reiner
Core characteristics include: racism, macho, cynism and suspicion
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Ethnicity and Justice System: Phillips and Bowling
More likely to remain silent and seek legal advice from ethnic minorities which creates suspicion..more likely to be stopped repeatedly and have more intrusive searches
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Ethnicity and Neo-Marxism: Sharp and Budd
More liekly to commit crimes where they can be identified..more likely to be excluded from school..black offenders were more likely to be arrested
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Ethnicity and Neo-Marxism: Hall et al
Myth of black mugger was a scapegoat to distract from the cause..policing the crisis
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Ethnicity and Neo-Marxism: Gilroy
Black criminality comes from racist stereotypes...ethnic minority crime can be a form of political resistance
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Ethnicity and Neo-Marxism: Fitzgerald et al
Whites and blacks are most likely to commit street crime...rates highest in poor areas
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Ethnic Statistics of Crime: Phillips and Bowling
White victims over identify black criminals...high risks of victimisation , a high rate of ethnic minorities live in cities where crime is already higher
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Ethnic Statistics of Crime: Newburn
Fear of crime is higher amongst ethnic minroities
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Ethnic Statistics of Crime: Ministry of Justice
Seven times more likely to be stopped and searched and five times more likely to be in prison
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Gender and Crime: Winlow
A bouncer provides opportunities to assert physical prowess..manual jobs are in decline which were a source of status and respectability
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Gender and Crime: Katz
Underestimate the importance of sheer pleasure and the thrill of the crime
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Gender and Crime: Messerschmidt
Masculinity is a social construct..competitive nature leads to crime..most struggle to meet its expectations
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Gender and Crime: Jefferson
Fails to explain why particular men commit crime
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Gender and Crime: Carlen
Working class have little reason to conform
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Gender and Crime: Young
All girls involved lived in areas of high deprivation
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Gender and Crime: Corston
61% of females had no qualifications
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Gender and Crime: Silvestri
Media sensationalising female violence
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Gender and Crime: Heidensohn
Women have not taken on male roles
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Gender and Crime: Denscombe
Females are as likely to engage in risk taking behavior as males are
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Gender and Crime: Adler
More freedom from traditional social controls
62 of 155
Gender and Crime: Newburn
A range of reasons given for why women commit crime..nothing in a womens nature that excludes them
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Gender and Crime: Dalton
Hormonal factors can influence women
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Gender and Crime: Parsons
Most child rearing is carried out by mothers
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Gender and Crime: Cohen
Women have the main role in socialisation
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Chivalry Thesis: Morris
Women were not sentenced more leniantly
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Chivalry Thesis: Carlen
More likely to jail women whose kids are in care
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Chivalry Thesis: Buckle et al
Women shoplifters are more likely to be prosecuted
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Chivalry Thesis: Pollack
en hate to accuse women and police dislike to arrest them
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Chivalry Thesis: Walklate
In ****, it is not the defendant on trial but the victim
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Chivalry Thesis: Hood
Women were a 1/3 less likely to be jailed
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Chivalry Thesis: Stewart
Women who do not conform to gender roles are punished more harshly
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Chivalry Thesis: Box
Women who commit serious offences are not treated more favorably than men
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Strain Theory: Merton
Between goals and the ability to achieve these..cultural factors and structural factors
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Functionalism: Durkheim
Crime is a normal and integral part of society..allows society to deem what is right and wrong
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Functionalism: Davis
Prostitution acts as a safety valve for the release of mens sexual frustrations
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Functionalism: Cohen
A warning sign that an institution is not working
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Functionalism: Erikson
Police sustain a level of crime rather than rid it
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Functionalism: Polsky
*********** channels a variety of sexual desires away from adultery etc
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Subcultural Theory: Cohen
Lower class boys invert traditional middle class values in order to gain status and respect
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Subcultural Theory: Box
It may only apply to a minority of offenders
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Subcultural Theory: Miller
Working class cannot correspond to the largely middle class environment
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Subcultural Theory: Matza and Sykes
There are subterranean values where people drift in and out of mainstream
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Subcultural Theory: Lyng
Young males are more likely to take risks
85 of 155
Subcultural Theory: Katz
Crime is seductive because it is thrilling
86 of 155
Subcultural Theory: Maffesoli
Stress on consumption...much better to realise fluidity and occasional gatherings
87 of 155
Subcultural Theory: Ruggiero
South Asian drug dealers, criminal careers available for those who wanted to make money
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Subcultural Theory: Marshall et al
-peer groups-gangs-organised criminal groups
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Subcultural Theory: Cloward and Ohlin
Illegal opportunities had three possible subcultures: -criminal -conflict -retreatist
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Victims of Crime: UN
Victims of crime are those who suffered harm through acts or omissions that violate laws of the state
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Victims of Crime: Christie
Victims are a social construction
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Victims of Crime: Miers
Interpersonal crimes of violence, produces patterns, contributions to ones own victimisation
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Victims of Crime: Hans Van Hentig
Suggested victims invite victimisation by being the person they are. Victim precipitation
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Victims of Crime: Wolfgang
558 homicides in Philadelphia-26% involved victim precipitation
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Victims of Crime: Amir
1/5 of rapes are victim precipitated
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Victims of Crime: Mawby et al
a form of structural powerlessness
97 of 155
Victims of Crime: Tomb and Whyte
Safety crimes are explained as accident prone workers
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State Crime: Bauman
What made the Holocaust possible was division of labour, bureucratisation, instrumental rationaliy and science and technology
99 of 155
State Crime: Kelman et al
Social conditions where atrocities occur require authorisation, dehumanisation, routinisation
100 of 155
State Crime: Cohen
States conceal and legitimate human right crimes..democracies have to justify them
101 of 155
State Crime: Cohen
Techniques of neutralisation
102 of 155
State Crime: Ardent
Nazi war criminal was relatively normal and not anti-sematic
103 of 155
State Crime: Ardono et al
A willingness to obey without question
104 of 155
Green Crime: Walters
Twice as many now die due to air pollution....ocean floor has been radioactive for decades
105 of 155
Green Crime: Snider
States are reluctant to pass laws against environmental harm, only do so when pressured
106 of 155
Green Crime: Wolf
Individuals, private businesses, states and organsied crime organisations can all commit crimes
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Green Criminology: White
Any action that harms the environment and those within it
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Green Crime: Beck
Many environmental disasters are outside of human control..risks have been manufactured
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Globalisation and Crime: Hobbs and Dunningham
'Glocal orgainsations', crime agencies work together from time to time
110 of 155
Globalisation and Crime: Newburn
Can often reduce the power of the state..provides opportunity for new crime...creates awareness of risk
111 of 155
Globaisation and Crime: Ruggiero
Small firms avoid labour laws and operate outside of the formal economy
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Gobalisation and Crime: Castells
Notion of self contained societies is outdated..complex interconnections between networks..crime economy worth over 1 trillion per annum
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Globalisation and Crime: Held et al
Led to the spread of transnational organised crime
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Domestic Law: Chambliss
State can avoid criminalizing their own actions
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Zemiology: Michalowski
legally permissable acts that still cause harm
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Zemiology: Hillyard et al
A much wider view
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Labelling and State Crime:Kauzlarich
Iraq war, although harmful was not classed as criminal
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International Law: Rothe and Mullin
Any action that violates international law
119 of 155
International Law: Strand and Tumin
Japan has sought to overturn whaling, tried to bribe other states
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Human Rights: Schwendinger et al
Violation of basic human rights
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Human Rights: Byrne
States are assessed by the extent to which they perserve human rights
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Human Rights: Cohen
Not everything is criminal if it is seen as morally acceptable
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Human Rights: Riss et al
Virtually all states care about human rights
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Class, Power and Crime: Nelken
Over predict amount of business crime..does not explain why non-profits resort to crime
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Class, Power and Crime: Braithwaite
US pharmacuticals were able to access lucrative markets in poorer countries
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Class, Power and Crime: Carrabine et al
We trust them with everything but this gives them opportunity to abuse this
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Class, Power and Crime: Pearce et al
Definition of corporate crime includes administrative and civil crime too
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Class, Power and Crime: Jones
Some capitalist countries have low crime rates
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Class, Power and Crime: Tombs
Corporate crime is more how the powerful label the crime than the harm it causes
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New Criminology: Rock
Far too romantic a view
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New Criminology: Hall et al
Moral panic is used as a distraction
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New Criminology: Carlen
No specific discussion on power of patriachy
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Neo-Marxism: Thornton
No real social class bias to youth subcultures
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Neo-Marxism: Blackman
Ignores huge variation of subcultures and social factors
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Neo-Marxism: Cohen
Skinhead subcultures represent a recreation of working class
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Neo-Marxism: Brake
Clothes and language show disdain for capitalism
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Class, Power and Crime: Chambliss
Pressure on poor for crime is strong because income is inefficient
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Class, Power and Crime: Gordon
Inherently likely to produce crime because it produces a dog-eat-dog society
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Class, Power and Crime: Reiman
Lack of opportunity is a structural feature that inevitably produces crime..theft is a alw against stealing what is already owned but the wealthy own most of the wealth
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Class, Power and Crime: Snider
Laws that threaten the interests of large cooperations rarely get passed
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Punishment: Thompson
18th century punishment is known as the rule of terror
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Punishment: Rushe et al
Each type of economy has its own penal system
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Punishment: Durkheim
Punishment is expressive and therefore to enforce shared values
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Punishment: Marxism
Maintain social order..repressive state apparatus
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Surveilance: Foucalt
Panoptican prison and example of CCTV
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Surveilance: Koskela
CCTV is an extension of the male gaze
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Surveilance: Norris
CCTV only reduced car park crime
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Surveilance: Goffman
some resist control
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Situational Crime Prevention: Felson
NYC Bus Terminal
150 of 155
Situational Crime Prevention: Chaiken et al
Target ahrdening measures of subway robberies dispalced them to the streets
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Situational Crime Prevention: Garland
Ignores causes of crime
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Social and Community Crime Prevention: Perry Preschool
By 27 intervened group had half the amount of arrests
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Social and Community Crime Prevention: Boston Gun Initiative
Entice away from crime and reinforce police message
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Environmental Crime Prevention: Wilson and Kelling
Broken Windows
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Card 2

Front

Entered everyday language and now an overused concept

Back

Media and Moral Panics: Thornton

Card 3

Front

Folk devils lead to a deviance amplification spiral

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

blurring between image and reality...'media scape'...we live in a media saturated society

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

10 billion crime thrillers sold worldwide from 1945-1984

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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